Pegasus Research Consortium

M8.2 - 95km NW of Iquique, Chile 01 April 2014  23:46:46 UTC (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000nzvd#summary)

Tectonic Summary

Seismotectonics of South America (Nazca Plate Region)

The South American arc extends over 7,000 km, from the Chilean margin triple junction offshore of southern Chile to its intersection with the Panama fracture zone, offshore of the southern coast of Panama in Central America.

It marks the plate boundary between the subducting Nazca plate and the South America plate, where the oceanic crust and lithosphere of the Nazca plate begin their descent into the mantle beneath South America.

The convergence associated with this subduction process is responsible for the uplift of the Andes Mountains, and for the active volcanic chain present along much of this deformation front. Relative to a fixed South America plate, the Nazca plate moves slightly north of eastwards at a rate varying from approximately 80 mm/yr in the south to approximately 65 mm/yr in the north.

Although the rate of subduction varies little along the entire arc, there are complex changes in the geologic processes along the subduction zone that dramatically influence volcanic activity, crustal deformation, earthquake generation and occurrence all along the western edge of South America.

Most of the large earthquakes in South America are constrained to shallow depths of 0 to 70 km resulting from both crustal and interplate deformation. Crustal earthquakes result from deformation and mountain building in the overriding South America plate and generate earthquakes as deep as approximately 50 km.

Interplate earthquakes occur due to slip along the dipping interface between the Nazca and the South American plates. Interplate earthquakes in this region are frequent and often large, and occur between the depths of approximately 10 and 60 km. Since 1900, numerous magnitude 8 or larger earthquakes have occurred on this subduction zone interface that were followed by devastating tsunamis, including the 1960 M9.5 earthquake in southern Chile, the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the world.

Other notable shallow tsunami-generating earthquakes include the 1906 M8.5 earthquake near Esmeraldas, Ecuador, the 1922 M8.5 earthquake near Coquimbo, Chile, the 2001 M8.4 Arequipa, Peru earthquake, the 2007 M8.0 earthquake near Pisco, Peru, and the 2010 M8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake located just north of the 1960 event.

Large intermediate-depth earthquakes (those occurring between depths of approximately 70 and 300 km) are relatively limited in size and spatial extent in South America, and occur within the Nazca plate as a result of internal deformation within the subducting plate.

These earthquakes generally cluster beneath northern Chile and southwestern Bolivia, and to a lesser extent beneath northern Peru and southern Ecuador, with depths between 110 and 130 km. Most of these earthquakes occur adjacent to the bend in the coastline between Peru and Chile. The most recent large intermediate-depth earthquake in this region was the 2005 M7.8 Tarapaca, Chile earthquake.

Earthquakes can also be generated to depths greater than 600 km as a result of continued internal deformation of the subducting Nazca plate. Deep-focus earthquakes in South America are not observed from a depth range of approximately 300 to 500 km. Instead, deep earthquakes in this region occur at depths of 500 to 650 km and are concentrated into two zones: one that runs beneath the Peru-Brazil border and another that extends from central Bolivia to central Argentina.

These earthquakes generally do not exhibit large magnitudes. An exception to this was the 1994 Bolivian earthquake in northwestern Bolivia. This M8.2 earthquake occurred at a depth of 631 km, which was until recently the largest deep-focus earthquake instrumentally recorded (superseded in May 2013 by a M8.3 earthquake 610 km beneath the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia), and was felt widely throughout South and North America.

Subduction of the Nazca plate is geometrically complex and impacts the geology and seismicity of the western edge of South America. The intermediate-depth regions of the subducting Nazca plate can be segmented into five sections based on their angle of subduction beneath the South America plate. Three segments are characterized by steeply dipping subduction; the other two by near-horizontal subduction.

The Nazca plate beneath northern Ecuador, southern Peru to northern Chile, and southern Chile descend into the mantle at angles of 25° to 30°. In contrast, the slab beneath southern Ecuador to central Peru, and under central Chile, is subducting at a shallow angle of approximately 10° or less. In these regions of "flat-slab" subduction, the Nazca plate moves horizontally for several hundred kilometers before continuing its descent into the mantle, and is shadowed by an extended zone of crustal seismicity in the overlying South America plate.

Although the South America plate exhibits a chain of active volcanism resulting from the subduction and partial melting of the Nazca oceanic lithosphere along most of the arc, these regions of inferred shallow subduction correlate with an absence of volcanic activity.

Massive earthquake off Chile sparks tsunami - Americas - Al Jazeera English (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2014/04/earthquake-off-chile-sparks-tsunami-warning-20144201721736635.html)

Magnitude 8.1 quake generates tsunami and prompts warning for all of South America's Pacific Coast.

A massive magnitude 8.1 earthquake off the coast of Chile, near the port of Iquique, has sparked a tsunami and prompted a warning for all of Latin America's Pacific coast, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said.

The Chilean navy said the first tsunami wave, reported to be 2 metres high, had hit the coast within 45 minutes of the quake, Reuters news agency reported.

Al Jazeera's Lucia Newman, reporting from the Chilean capital Santiago, said there was no information about any casualties or any damage.
 
"What we've been seeing on national TV is people running from the beach," Newman said. "They've been warned about a tsunami. That's the biggest concern for now."

Newman said the area near the coastline was flat and so there was no way of reaching high ground.

"It's a matter of getting away as far as possible - several kilometers," she said.

Chile had earlier requested the "preventive evacuation" of its northern coastline, the country's ONEMI emergency office said on its website.

The earthquake hit an area that has been rocked by numerous quakes over the past two weeks.


Cars fleeing, buildings shaking
Live footage from Chilean television showed scores of cars driving away from the coastline at high speed and state television also broadcast viewer footage of the insides of buildings shaking as the earthquake struck.

The US Geological Survey said the quake was very shallow, only 10 km below the seabed. It was centered 86 km northwest of Iquique, Chile's main mining export port, Reuters reported.
Rafeal Abreu, a geophycisist from the US Geological Survey, told Al Jazeera that shallow earthquakes are more likely to cause tsunamis and to generate significant ground shaking.

"This is an area that had been experiencing increased seismic activity," Abreu said. "They had been paying attention to it ... Beyond that, we don't have any information on what measures have been taken."
 
The warning said that aside from Chile, the coasts of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and Nicaragua were at risk.
 
In 2010, an 8.8-magnitude quake triggered a tsunami that caused major damage in several coastal towns in central-south Chile and killed hundreds of people.
 
The strongest earthquake ever recorded on Earth also happened in Chile - a magnitude-9.5 tremor in 1960 that killed more than 5,000 people.

Tsunami Threat Under Evaluation After 8.2 Chile Earthquake | Maui Now (http://mauinow.com/2014/04/01/tsunami-threat-to-hawaii-under-evaluation-after-8-0-chile-earthquake/)



To find out if you live in a tsunami evacuation zone, Hawaii residents can visit the following DIRECT LINK (http://www.pdc.org/resources/hawaii-disaster-info/tsunami-zones/).