Pegasus Research Consortium

hey Z I think we need some kind of helath thing cause this stuff gets lost in general

but blood is an interesting topic.. for any number of reasons so I thought I would just start with this
all of the stories and findings of what each type means is vastly interesting
and the implications like this where the different types are hostile to each..brings about tons of questions

one of these dazes I may go find out what type I am..but I'm not in any hurry  ::)


ok here's article one








One Man's Donated Blood Has Saved More Than Two Million Lives


http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/one-mans-donated-blood-has-saved-more-than-two-million-lives/ar-BBl4CAi
Hannah Keyser   6 hrs ago

Even though 78-year-old James Harrison hates the sight of blood and has a self-professed low pain tolerance, he has been donating blood nearly every week since he was legally old enough. He was inspired to do so after someone else's donated blood saved his life during a chest operation when he was 14.


While all blood donors have the potential to make a difference in someone's life, Harrison is special. The plasma from his blood has the ability to cure a deadly disease.

In Australia, where Harrison lives, rhesus disease - a condition in which a pregnant woman's blood begins attacking her unborn baby's blood cells - was claiming the lives of thousands of babies a year before 1967. If a pregnant woman has rhesus-negative blood and the baby in her womb has rhesus-positive blood, inherited from its father, the mother's body may react by producing antibodies that actively seek out and destroy the baby's "foreign" blood cells, resulting in brain damage or death.

Shortly after his first donation when he was 18, doctors called Harrison with a big announcement: He might be the solution to this mysterious disease, as his plasma contained a rare rhesus antibody. Over the course of the 1960s, Harrison worked with doctors to develop an injection called Anti-D, which prevents expectant mothers from developing the harmful antibodies. Ever since then, Anti-D has been used to successfully ward off rhesus disease throughout Australia.

"Every bag of blood is precious, but James' blood is particularly extraordinary," says Jemma Falkenmire, of the Australian Red Cross Blood Service. "His blood is actually used to make a life-saving medication, given to moms whose blood is at risk of attacking their unborn babies. Every batch of Anti-D that has ever been made in Australia has come from James' blood. And more than 17% of women in Australia are at risk, so James has helped save a lot of lives."

Over 2,000,000, according to estimates by the Australian Red Cross blood service.

Since the discovery, Harrison has donated plasma more than 1,000 times. But his opportunities are dwindling. In Australia, people must retire from plasma donation at the age of 81, which is just three years away for Harrison.

"I guess for us the hope is there will be people who will donate, who will also ... have this antibody and become life savers in the same way he has, and all we can do is hope there will be people out there generous enough to do it, and selflessly in the way he's done," says Falkenmire.






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general info




Human blood is grouped into four types: A, B, AB, and O. Each letter refers to a kind of antigen, or protein, on the surface of red blood cells. For example, the surface of red blood cells in Type A blood has antigens known as A-antigens.

(http://www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/blood/images/BloodType_Photo1.png)






www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0877658.html



Specific ABO blood types are thought to be linked with increased or decreased susceptibility to particular diseases. anthro.palomar.edu

Explore: ABO blood group system


Blood type tests are done before a person gets a blood transfusion and to check a pregnant woman's blood type. webmd.com

Explore: Blood transfusion


. . . the O? blood type is called the ``universal donor'' . . .; since its red blood cells have no A or B antigens and are Rh-negative, no other blood type will reject it. Wikipedia

Explore: Red blood cell, Antigen

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/blood/


Genes and Blood Type

Blood is a complex, living tissue that contains many cell types and proteins. A transporter, regulator, and defender, blood courses through the body carrying out many important functions.




Blood Types


Type A blood cells are covered with A agglutinogens, type B have B agglutinogens, type AB have both A and B, and type O blood have none.


Distinct molecules called agglutinogens (a type of antigen) are attached to the surface of red blood cells. There are two different types of agglutinogens, type "A" and type "B". Each type has different properties. The ABO blood type classification system uses the presence or absence of these molecules to categorize blood into four types.

Another level of specificity is added to blood type by examining the presence or absence of the Rh protein. Each blood type is either positive "+" (has the Rh protein) or negative "-" (no Rh protein). For example, a person whose blood type is "A positive" (A +), has both type A and Rh proteins on the surface of their red blood cells.



Blood Type Is Determined Genetically



The A and B antigen molecules on the surface of red blood cells are made by two different enzymes. These two enzymes are encoded by different versions, or alleles, of the same gene.

The A allele codes for an enzyme that makes the A antigen, and the B allele codes for an enzyme that makes the B antigen. A third version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not functional; it makes no surface molecules at all.

Everyone inherits two alleles of the gene, one from each parent. The combination of your two alleles determines your blood type.



When Blood Types Mix




Blood plasma is packed with proteins called antibodies. The body produces a wide variety of antibodies that will recognize and attack foreign molecules that may enter from the outside world. A person's plasma does not contain any antibodies that will bind to molecules that are part of his or her own body.

When conducting a blood transfusion, it is important to carefully match the donor and recipient blood types. If the donor blood cells have surface molecules that are different from those of the recipient, antibodies in the recipient's blood recognize the donor blood as foreign. This triggers an immune response resulting in blood clotting. If the donor blood cells have surface molecules that are the same as those of the recipient, the recipient's body will not see them as foreign and will not mount an immune response.

There are two special blood types when it comes to blood transfusions. People with type O blood are universal donors because there are no molecules on the surface of the red blood cells that can trigger an immune response. People with type AB blood are universal recipients because they do not have any antibodies that will recognize type A or B surface molecules.

Note: Blood cells are covered with a variety of surface molecules. For simplicity, only type A and B surface molecules are shown here.


(http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/images/logos/hhmi.gif)

Funding provided by grant 51006109 from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Precollege Science Education Initiative for Biomedical Research.

http://www.wikihow.com/Determine-Positive-and-Negative-Blood-Types

How to Determine Positive and Negative Blood Types
Two Parts:Finding Out Your Blood TypeTesting Your Blood Type at Home

Knowing your blood type is important, especially if you are pregnant or have frequent blood transfusions. There are two major ways of distinguishing between blood types. The first is the ABO blood system, where the blood type is defined as either A, B, AB or O. The second is the Rhesus (Rh) blood group system, which determines whether a blood type is negative or positive. Figuring out whether your blood type is positive or negative is fairly simple and can be accomplished in one of three ways - by finding out your parents' blood type, by getting a doctor to perform a blood typing test or by using an at-home test kit.

Understand what makes your blood "positive" or "negative". Your blood is made up of many different components, but the most important component when it comes to determining whether your blood type is positive or negative is the Rhesus antigen.

The Rhesus antigen is a particular protein only found in the red blood cells of people with positive blood types.
In other words, if the Rhesus antigen is present in your red blood cells, you're Rh positive (which means you have a positive blood type).
But if the Rh antigen is absent from your red blood cells, you're Rh negative (which means you have a negative blood type).[1]

Find out your parents' blood type. Sometimes it's possible to determine whether you have a positive or negative blood type simply by finding out your parents blood type. However, this only works if both of your biological parents have the same Rhesus factor.
If your parents are both negative, then you are Rh (-)

If your parents are both positive or if one of your parents is positive and the other is negative, you can get a blood test and look for the Rhesus factor to know if your blood type is (+) or (-)

Ask your doctor for a blood typing test. If your parents have different blood types, or their blood type is unknown, you can ask your doctor to perform a simple blood typing test to find out whether your blood is positive or negative. This test is quick, easy and relatively painless. The standard procedure for a blood typing test is as follows:

Blood is usually drawn from the vein inside your elbow, so this area will first be cleaned with some disinfectant. Then an elastic band will be tied around the arm, a couple of centimeters above the elbow - this causes the vein to swell, making it easier to extract blood.

Then, a needle is inserted into the vein and blood is collected in the attached tube. As the blood is collected, the elastic band is removed from the arm in order to restore circulation. When enough blood has been drawn, the needle is removed and a band-aid is applied to the puncture site. The blood sample is then labeled and sent to the lab for testing.

The lab test for determining positive and negative blood types is actually fairly simple. Two drops of blood are placed on a glass slide and are mixed with an anti-Rh serum. If the blood is Rh (+) the blood cells will stick together, but if the blood is Rh (-) the cells will fail to clot. [2]

Once the lab has determined whether your blood is positive or negative (in addition to which blood group you belong to: A, B, AB or O), the results will be sent back to your doctor who will contact you and pass on the information. Remember to make a note of the results for future reference.

Understand the importance of knowing your blood type. Knowing your blood group (A, B, AB or O) and your Rhesus factor (positive or negative) is important if you are receiving a blood transfusion or an organ transplant, as not all blood types are compatible with one another. However, knowing whether your blood type is positive or negative becomes most important if you are pregnant.

Sometimes during pregnancy a condition known as "Rh incompatibility" will occur. This is when an Rh negative mother is carrying an Rh positive baby and the mother's Rh antibodies begin attacking the developing baby's red blood cells. This can cause severe anemia in the child and possible death.
Therefore during her pregnancy, an Rh negative mother (carrying a baby whose father is Rh positive) will undergo blood tests to screen for antibodies to Rh positive blood. If no antibodies have started developing, the mother will receive a shot of RH immune globulin, which prevents her body from producing antibodies harmful to the child.

However, if the antibodies are already present in the mother's system, it is too late to administer the shot. In this situation, the developing baby will be closely monitored and may be given a blood transfusion through the umbilical chord, if necessary.

In most cases the baby's Rh factor (positive or negative) will not be known til birth. If the baby is Rh negative (like its mother) no further action needs to be taken. But if the baby is Rh positive, the mother will need another shot of Rh immune globulin after the delivery and a shot during and after each subsequent pregnancy. [3]







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http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htm

Distribution of Blood Types


Blood provides an ideal opportunity for the study of human variation without cultural prejudice.  It can be easily classified for many different genetically inherited blood typing systems.  Also significant is the fact that we rarely take blood types into consideration in selecting mates.  In addition, few people know their own type today and no one did prior to 1900.  As a result, differences in blood type frequencies around the world are most likely due to other factors than social discrimination.  Contemporary Japan is somewhat of an exception since there are popular Japanese stereotypes about people with different blood types.  This could affect choice in marriage partners for some Japanese.

All human populations share the same 29 known blood systems, although they differ in the frequencies of specific types.  Given the evolutionary closeness of apes and monkeys to our species, it is not surprising that some of them share a number of blood typing systems with us as well.

When we donate blood or have surgery, a small sample is usually taken in advance for at least ABO click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced and Rh click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced systems typing.  If you are O+, the O is your ABO type and the + is your Rh type.  It is possible to be A, B, AB, or O as well as Rh+ click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced or Rh- click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced.  You inherited your blood types from your parents and the environment in which you live cannot change them.


ABO Blood Type System

We have learned a good deal about how common each of the ABO blood types is around the world.  It is quite clear that the distribution patterns are complex.  Both clinal and discontinuous distributions exist, suggesting a complicated evolutionary history for humanity.  This can be seen with the global frequency patterns of the type B blood allele (shown in the map below).  Note that it is highest in Central Asia and lowest among the indigenous peoples of the Americas and Australia.  However, there are relatively high frequency pockets in Africa as well.  Overall in the world, B is the rarest ABO blood allele.  Only 16% of humanity have it.



The A blood allele is somewhat more common around the world than B.  About 21% of all people share the A allele. The highest frequencies of A are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%).  The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians.





The O blood type (usually resulting from the absence of both A and B alleles) is very common around the world.  About 63% of humans share it.  Type O is particularly high in frequency among the indigenous populations of Central and South America, where it approaches 100%.  It also is relatively high among Australian Aborigines and in Western Europe (especially in populations with Celtic ancestors).  The lowest frequency of O is found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where B is common.


Other Blood Type Systems

The majority of the people in the world have the Rh+ blood type.  However, it is more common in some regions.  Native Americans and Australian Aborigines were very likely 99-100% Rh+ before they began interbreeding with people from other parts of the world.  This does not imply that Native Americans and Australian Aborigines are historically closely related to each other.  Most Subsaharan African populations are around 97-99% Rh+.  East Asians are 93-99+% Rh+.  Europeans have the lowest frequency of this blood type for any continent.  They are 83-85% Rh+.  The lowest known frequency is found among the Basques of the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain.  They are only 65% Rh+.

The distribution patterns for the Diego click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced blood system are even more striking.  Evidently, all Africans, Europeans, East Indians, Australian Aborigines, and Polynesians are Diego negative.  The only populations with Diego positive people may be Native Americans (2-46%) and East Asians (3-12%).  This nonrandom distribution pattern fits well with the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for Native Americans.


Conclusion

These patterns of ABO, Rh, and Diego blood type distributions are not similar to those for skin color or other so-called "racial" traits.  The implication is that the specific causes responsible for the distribution of human blood types have been different than those for other traits that have been commonly employed to categorize people into "races."  Since it would be possible to divide up humanity into radically different groupings using blood typing instead of other genetically inherited traits such as skin color, we have more conclusive evidence that the commonly used typological model for understanding human variation is scientifically unsound.

The more we study the precise details of human variation, the more we understand how complex are the patterns.  They cannot be easily summarized or understood.  Yet, this hard-earned scientific knowledge is generally ignored in most countries because of more demanding social and political concerns.  As a result, discrimination based on presumed "racial" groups still continues.  It is important to keep in mind that this "racial" classification often has more to do with cultural and historical distinctions than it does with biology.  In a very real sense, "race" is a distinction that is created by culture not biology.



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http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/there-are-way-more-blood-types-you-think



There Are Way More Blood Types Than You Think

By Dan Nosowitz  Posted February 24, 2012



Researchers at the University of Vermont have discovered two new proteins? on red blood cells that confirm the testable existence of two new blood types. It's an important discovery, one that'll greatly reduce the risk of incompatible blood transfusions among tens of thousands of people. But what we were more struck by in this press release was the fact that these two new blood types--named Junior and Langereis--bring the total number of recognized blood types up to 32. 32!


Turns out there's much more than just A, B, AB, and O: there are now 28 other, rarer types, often named after the person in whom they were discovered. These rarer types are identified by the presence of a particular group of antigens (substances that tell your immune system to send out antibodies), and many, like the Kell and MNS blood types, can actually be concurrent with more common blood types like A or O.

But the discovery of new blood types is pretty rare; the last new one was discovered more than a decade ago. So it's big news that two were discovered at the same time. The Junior and Langereis groups are particularly prevalent in East Asia, especially Japan. Says University of Vermont biologist Bryan Ballif: "More than 50,000 Japanese are thought to be Junior negative and may encounter blood transfusion problems or mother-fetus incompatibility."

The study? appears in the February issue of Nature Genetics.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-02/uov-bms022312.php


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you'll have to go read  this at the links because they don't copy

http://www.popsci.com/scientists-figure-out-how-change-blood-types







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and soon all the occult theories and aliens connections...... ;)

feel free to jump in at any time.. pleaseeeeeeeeeeeeeeee  ;D

My husband is AB-. I told him he's not allowed to ever need a transfusion.  That's the rarest type.  O- is considered a universal donor, as it normally won't react badly with the other types.  Transfusion reactions are not common, but can be fatal.

Shasta

Quote from: space otter on June 14, 2015, 04:39:30 AM
and soon all the occult theories and aliens connections...... ;)
feel free to jump in at any time.. pleaseeeeeeeeeeeeeeee  ;D

Well  it seems all the cattle mutlations by aliens :P has paid off :D

Cow's blood saves life of crash victim in world first procedure
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1383586/Cows-blood-saves-life-crash-victim-world-procedure.html


:o

8)

::)

Quote from: zorgon on June 14, 2015, 07:30:06 AM
Well  it seems all the cattle mutlations by aliens :P has paid off :D

I suppose you noticed this: :)

QuoteMrs Coakley's religion permits the use of blood substitutes and doctors in Melbourne, Australia, flew in ten unites of the haemoglobin- based experimental plasma – called HBOC-2-1 – from the United States where it is being developed by the military.

PS: I don't know what's my blood type. :(

Mine is A+, i didn't find that out until I looked at my dog tags... ::)

more info before we get to the questionable stuff


this is an interesting site and the list is looonnnnnnnggg so go to the link if you are curious


http://www.bloodbook.com/race-eth.html

RACE and ETHNIC BLOOD TYPE ANALYSIS
BLOODBOOK.COM
BloodBook.com - Blood Information for Life!

  Page Summary

BLOOD TYPES OF RACE AND ETHNIC PEOPLES BLOOD TYPE CHARACTERISTICS. BLOOD TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES INDEXED BY PEOPLE GROUPS.


long long list   here are only a few


United States white 83.4%, black 12.4%, Asian 3.3%, Native American 0.8% (1992)

United Kingdom English 81.5%; Scottish 9.6%; Irish 2.4%; Welsh 1.9%; Ulster 1.8%; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

Portugal Homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000


Brazil white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed white and African 38%, African 6%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%



A word about DNA Genealogy and Anthropology Testing - DNA research on full-blooded indigenous populations from around the world has led to the discovery and documentation of genetic markers that are unique to populations, ethnicity and/or deep ancestral migration patterns. The markers having very specific modes of inheritance, and which are relatively unique to specific populations, are used to assess probabilities of ancestral relatedness. Available services include: Ancestral Heritage DNA testing, Native American DNA Verification, Y-Chromosome DNA Testing and mtDNA Sequence Analysis.

Rare blood types can cause Blood supply problems for unprepared Blood banks and hospitals. For example, the rare Blood type, Duffy-negative Blood, occurs much more frequently in people of African ancestry. The relatively rarity of this rare Blood type in the rest of the North-American population can result in a shortage of that rare Blood type for patients of African ethnicity, in need of a Blood transfusion. Keep in mind, if you have a rare Blood type, there may be some risk in traveling to parts of the world where your rare Blood type may be in short supply.



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http://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-have-different-blood-types-with-some-being-compatible-and-others-incompatible




Why do we have different blood types, with some being compatible and others incompatible?

It seems like a weird way for humans to have evolved



17 Answers..see link for the rest



Originally Answered: From an evolutionary perspective, is there an advantage to humans having different blood types?


Not all species do have multiple blood groups, so perhaps it's just one of those things. However, many mammals do have multiple blood groups, so perhaps it is a selected trait.

One likely explanation is pathogen selection. Blood groups per se are only reflections of a wider distribution of cell surface receptors.  That is, while we notice them most on blood cells, the different receptor structures are much more widely distributed among our tissues.  And many viruses do use the broad category of these receptors to get inside cells. So if you have different receptors than your neighbor, the virus that just infected her may be less effective at infecting you - hence selection for diversity.

A good example of this, by the way, is noroviruses, which do use these structures and which are clearly shown to have different infectability for people with different blood groups. The effect is less clear for other viruses but there are suggestions of an effect for several types.



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and who says you are stuck with the same blood type thur out your life ?




http://io9.com/5887569/how-to-change-your-blood-type-without-even-trying


How to change your blood type without even trying

Esther Inglis-Arkell
Filed to: biology   
2/25/12 3:30pm

Blood types were once thought to be with people for life. And, in almost every case, they're still thought to be with a person for life. But there is one patient whose blood type actually changed. A liver transplant, apparently, has a shot of changing a person's blood type.

There was once a simple time in human history when everyone had just one blood type, and that blood type was O negative. It wasn't called O at the time, of course, because even if anyone was looking at it, it would just have been blood to them. But life kept up its usual trick of evolving, and suddenly, on the surface of the lovely, smooth, red blood cells were little agglutinations of protein. There was what's now known as the Rh factor, the thing that turns O negative blood into O positive blood. Then there were other little clumps of protein, which separated Rh positive blood and Rh negative blood into A and B types. For the vast majority of history, only the Rh factor caused any bother. The system of an Rh negative woman who became pregnant with an Rh positive baby could see the infant's blood type as an outside body, and attack it. This was such a selector that today eighty-five percent of people are Rh positive.

Meanwhile, A and B types only began troubling humankind by the time blood transfusions and organ transplants were happening. (Before that, any human blood or organs entering the body generally came via the stomach, which isn't that fussy about blood types.) Again, the immune system would attack the strangely bedecked blood cells and cause medical problems. Type O patients, roughly forty-five percent of the population, could give out their blood and organs, but couldn't receive anyone else's. The Rh factor of the blood depended on what type of medical procedure was being done.

And so the world became concerned with these little blobs on blood, and with the genes that caused them. Since it was genetic, blood type was for life, and there was no way around the variations (Two more of which were found just recently. The Junior and Langereis, which affect about 50,000 people in Japan.) so there wasn't anything to be done except finding universal O negative donors and draining them like Capri Sun juice bags. So imagine people's surprise when they found out that blood type can change.

Technically, it depends on what people mean by blood type. The genes don't change. However, people noticed that after bone marrow transplants, recovered patients sometimes slowly developed their donor's blood types. The marrow was used making one kind of blood, and it would continue, slowly filling people with cells that didn't match their genotype. That made sense. Scientists had put a new manufacturing center in their patient. It would make what it had always made. It also made a certain, if surprising, sense that cancers that affected blood and bone marrow could change a person's expressed blood type as well.

Then an infant with rubella, who has been typed as A many times in the first eight weeks of her life, suddenly lost her A agglutinations. At four months old, her blood type had actually changed. This may sound eerie to us, but it was good news to those who wanted to turn blood into a fluid that can be donated from anyone to anyone, including to and from one of those 50,000 people in Japan. Anything that could shear off agglutinations could make every bag of blood into a universal donor bag. It just, preferably, shouldn't be rubella.

After years of searching, the best candidate for an agglutination-snipper came from a special mushroom. (No, not that one.) An enzyme isolated from fungi was found to turn any blood, any blood at all, to type O, and it did it while the blood was in the bag, not in the patient. This can change blood into a fluid that can be given to anyone, and given the shortages at blood banks, anything that made blood more available to all patients is a good thing. The method is still being tested, but hopefully blood will become a lot more common soon.

But there is still one extraordinary blood type change mystery still out there, in the form of what today is a nineteen-year-old girl. As a nine-year-old, the girl's liver failed. A transplant liver was found, and the surgery was successful. Unfortunately, the girl began to get sick on the drugs that she had to take to force her body not to reject the new liver. Rejection is a huge concern for all donors. People have to take anti-rejection drugs their whole lives. Sickening immediately when taking them was a very bad sign. And then scientists typed her blood. The girl had spontaneously changed her blood, or rather her liver had spontaneously changed her blood. Stem cells from the liver got to her bone marrow, and then to her entire immune system. Slowly her blood type change from O negative to O positive, and her body accepted the liver. She was taken off the drugs, since she didn't actually need them anymore. Doctors called it an one-in-six-billion event. It would be great, for many transplant patients, if someday we could make the odds a little better than that.

Quote from: space otter on June 14, 2015, 05:32:11 PM

more info before we get to the questionable stuff

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0Uu57ob6yY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0Uu57ob6yY

When my former mother-in-law had cancer surgery, she had quite a bit of blood work done.  Somewhere in all of that, genetic markers for black DNA were observed.  My ex was appalled.  I reminded him that he has Choctaw in his ancestry,  and that blacks intermarried into the Choctaw nation.  Under antiquated laws, my daughter and grandkids would be considered black.

@Sgt... I found out my husband's blood type when I ran across his dog tags from his Vietnam days.  He didn't know his blood type before that.

Shasta

ok almost to the fun believe it or don't part..but we need to understand that the blood types mean something and that they can be manipulated

you may be getting a bacteria conversion of type  if  the hospital uses this stuff..is it important to know what you are getting?.....who decides?..knowledge is power



http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2008/03/24/conversion_makes_all_blood_type_o/?page=full

Conversion makes all blood type O

New technique could stretch blood bank inventories by removing A and B molecules


By Jennifer Cutraro 
Globe Correspondent / March 24, 2008 


Savvy shopkeepers know to put the oldest milk cartons at the front of the grocery-store shelf. In a similar way, blood banks around the country make the most efficient use of their blood supply by using their oldest units of blood first in transfusions.






But a recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine suggests cardiac patients receiving blood that is more than two weeks old suffer greater risks of complications such as kidney failure. While the study does not recommend changing current practices, it underscores a persistent challenge that blood banks face: how to increase blood turnover and avoid wasting unused and less-common blood types.

One local biotech company might have at least a partial solution to the problem: ZymeQuest Inc., in Beverly, has developed a technology that converts all blood types to O, the universal donor.

The technology could remove some of the logistical and inventory challenges confronting blood-banking services around the country, said Christopher Stowell, director of the Massachusetts General Hospital Blood Transfusion Service, who has no connection to the company.

"The margin between donation and need is pretty thin, so conversion would certainly be a convenience," said Stowell, also an assistant professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School. "O is the blood type we use in emergency situations when we don't have time to check a patients' blood type. The O units are, for that reason, always in tight supply."

Simple sugar molecules on the surface of red blood cells determine a person's blood type. One type of sugar molecule indicates type A blood, another indicates type B blood, and individuals with both sugars on their blood cells have the blood type AB. Individuals who lack all of these sugars - roughly 40 percent of the population - have blood type O.

The body's immune system recognizes its own sugar molecules, but sees sugars of another type as foreign invaders. That's why a person with type A blood can't receive a transfusion from someone with type B blood: The type A immune system would attack the new blood as foreign, making the person gravely ill.

Because type O blood carries neither of these sugars, it sails undetected right past the immune systems of type A, B, and AB individuals. For this reason, patients with any blood type can receive type O blood.

The ZymeQuest system uses enzymes isolated from bacteria to strip those A and B sugars off the surface of red blood cells, said Henrik Clausen, a scientific consultant to the company and professor of molecular medicine at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. Then the red blood cells are washed with a saline solution to remove the enzymes and chopped-off sugars using a cell-washing device designed and built by ZymeQuest. The device can simultaneously process 8 units of blood, of 500 milliliters each.


"It's a fairly simple process," Clausen said. "The key obstacle is to find enzymes with the right specificity so that they take off only the one sugar and leave other molecules on the cell surface intact."

The hunt for blood-converting enzymes goes back more than 25 years, when a researcher at the New York Blood Center discovered he could cleave the B-type sugar off red blood cells using an enzyme he isolated from unroasted green coffee beans, then safely transfuse these cells into people, Clausen said.

ZymeQuest obtained the intellectual property behind this technology, but because these coffee-based enzymes do not very efficiently convert blood, Clausen began searching eight years ago for other enzymes that would work better at room temperature and a neutral pH.

"We didn't know if enzymes with these properties even existed in nature," he said. So he and his colleagues scanned 2,500 bacterial and fungal sources for enzymes that might do the job. They found a few contenders with specific abilities to recognize and snip apart the connection holding A and B sugars to the surface of red blood cells, and are now incorporating these enzymes into their blood conversion system.

ZymeQuest is in the early stages of phase 2 clinical trials with both type A and type B conversion systems, said chief financial officer Tom Fitzgerald. He expects their technology to be in the trial and testing phase for at least three to four more years. It's not yet clear, he said, how much the final process will cost per pint of blood.

Dr. Richard Benjamin, chief medical officer at the American Red Cross national headquarters in Washington, said he's been following ZymeQuest's progress for about five years.

"The technology has obstacles that the company has to deal with. It's not as simple as we originally thought it might be," Benjamin said. "Whether the system in development is going to be practical and cost effective, only time will tell."

And even if the technology is perfected, he said, there's not a lot of extra type O blood in the blood supply waiting to be transformed. Only about 3 percent of all donated blood is wasted nationwide, according to the 2005 Nationwide Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report.

Steve Sloan, director of pediatric transfusion medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, said he remains cautious about blood conversion.

"The fact is, when you modify cells, it can cause risks and changes that you don't expect," he said, pointing out that any such risks would likely become clear in clinical trials.

"It's a good technology in that it can increase our inventory of type O red cells," said Sloan, who has done work for ZymeQuest in the past. "But how expensive is that? And for the same cost, could we just recruit more blood donors to increase our supply of type O blood?"



....................................................................


http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/scientists-convert-blood-for-universal-use/



Scientists convert blood for universal use



Originally published April 2, 2007 at 12:00 am  |  Updated April 2, 2007 at 2:00 am 


Danish researchers have perfected an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B and AB blood into type O, the universal-donor blood...


By Thomas H. Maugh II

Danish researchers have perfected an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B and AB blood into type O, the universal-donor blood that can be given to anyone — an achievement that promises to make transfusions safer and relieve shortages of type O blood.





The team reported Sunday in the journal Nature Biotechnology that they isolated bacterial enzymes that safely remove from red blood cells the sugar molecules that provoke an immune reaction in the recipient.


Previous studies of type O blood produced from type B by a different method have shown it to be both safe and effective, and the researchers are now conducting clinical trials with the new product.
Mismatching of blood causes at least half of all transfusion-related deaths. And the need for precisely matched blood drives the costly and inefficient process of shuttling units of blood between regional blood banks and hospitals to match daily requirements.

"Those issues could be largely resolved if there were a universally transfusible blood supply," said Doug Clibourn, chief executive of ZymeQuest in Beverly, Mass., which is developing the technology.

The problem involves sugar molecules on the surface of red blood cells. Type A blood has one set of sugars and type B has another, while type O has none. People with type A blood have antibodies against the type B sugars, people with type B have antibodies against type A, and people with type O have antibodies against both.

If a person receives mismatched blood, the antibodies attack red blood cells, producing a potentially fatal breakdown of red cells.

In the 1980s, the late Jack Goldstein of the New York Blood Center isolated an enzyme from coffee beans that could convert type B to type O. Clinical trials of the enzyme-produced blood showed it behaved no differently from normal blood in hospitalized patients.

But the enzymes involved were expensive and had to be used under highly acidic conditions that damaged the red cells. Goldstein's team also was not able to find an enzyme that would convert type A to type O.

a consequence, the development was halted.


ZymeQuest commissioned cellular biologist Henrik Clausen of the University of Copenhagen to search for new enzymes to carry out the conversion. Clausen and his team sifted through more than 2,500 bacteria and fungi before identifying the two candidates cited in the Nature Biotechnology report.

The discovery could be a major breakthrough in improving the blood supply, wrote Geoff Daniels of England's Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences in an editorial accompanying the article.

The new enzymes are more potent than previously used ones and, more important, they work at room temperature and neutral pH, which is very good for blood cells, said Dr. Martin Olsson of Lund University in Sweden. In an hour, they remove all the sugar molecules from the surface of red blood cells, after which they can be easily washed away.


The team initially isolated blood from healthy individuals, converted the red cells to type O and injected them back into the donors, said Olsson, who is overseeing the clinical trials.

After that study showed no problems, they began a larger clinical trial using donor blood. Olsson refused to comment on the results but confirmed there have been no adverse reactions to the product.





Clibourn said he expects results from the trial to be available later this year.



..........................................


http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chiron-and-zymequestr-form-partnership-for-enzyme-conversion-of-red-blood-cells-58687847.html


Chiron and ZymeQuest(R) form Partnership for Enzyme Conversion Of Red Blood Cells
- System would convert non-O red blood cells to universal-donor

red blood cells -

- Agreement expands Chiron's position in blood safety -

EMERYVILLE, Calif. and BEVERLY, Mass., Jan. 5 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ --
Chiron Corporation (Nasdaq:   CHIR) and ZymeQuest(R) Inc. announced today that
they have formed a partnership to develop and commercialize ZymeQuest's
enzymatic conversion system, which converts groups A, B and AB red blood cells
to enzyme-converted group O (ECO(R)) red blood cells.  Under the terms of the
agreement, Chiron will share in the costs of developing and commercializing
the enzymatic conversion system.  In addition, Chiron will make an equity
investment in ZymeQuest and obtain worldwide marketing and commercial rights
for the technology.  ZymeQuest will continue to be responsible for developing
and manufacturing its enzyme conversion products.  Financial terms of the
agreement were not disclosed.
     "This agreement represents a major advance for Chiron in the realm of
blood safety," said Jack Goldstein, president, Chiron Blood Testing.
"ZymeQuest's innovative technology will fill a critical need for blood and
transfusion centers.  All group A, B, and AB red cells will be able to be
converted to ECO, which, along with Group O, can be transfused to all
individuals without transfusion reaction.  This technology will decrease the
potential difficulties associated with mismatched blood and also reduce
inventory problems at blood banks caused by shortages of group O red cells.
In addition, the technology could reduce the amount of donor blood discarded
because of outdating.  This partnership is another example of Chiron's
commitment to looking for new ways to meet the needs of our customers and
helping improve blood safety worldwide."
     "This alliance with Chiron is an important milestone for ZymeQuest," said
Douglas L. Clibourn, president and chief executive officer of ZymeQuest.  "By
assuring and maintaining a safe and adequate blood supply in a cost effective
manner, the delivery of an all group O and ECO inventory of red blood cells
could have a significant logistical and financial impact on the worldwide
blood delivery system.  Having the participation of a company with the
international stature of Chiron as a partner and as an equity investor will
help us reach our commercialization goals and our mission of transforming
transfusion medicine."

     About Universal Red Blood Cells
     Group O red cells are known as universal red blood cells because they can
be transfused safely to recipients of any ABO blood group without the risk of
morbidity or mortality associated with a transfusion of incompatible red
cells.  Preliminary clinical trial results indicate that ECO red cells will
function like group O universal red cells.  A universally transfusable
inventory of red blood cells could decrease the cost and complexity of
inventory management, reduce the number of red cells lost due to outdating,
and improve the safety of red cell transfusions.

     About Chiron Blood Testing
     Chiron Blood Testing is dedicated to preventing the spread of infectious
diseases through the development of novel blood-screening tools that protect
the world's blood supply.  Chiron's Procleix(R) assays and systems, developed
in collaboration with Gen-Probe Incorporated, utilize state-of-the-art nucleic
acid testing (NAT) technology to detect RNA and DNA in donated blood, plasma,
organs and tissue during the very early stages of infection, when infectious
agents are present but cannot be detected by immunodiagnostic screening
technologies.  Through its joint business with Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics,
Chiron also develops and markets a line of immunoassay screening, diagnostic,
and supplemental hepatitis and retrovirus tests.  For more information about
Chiron Blood Testing visit www.eBloodBank.com.

     About ZymeQuest, Inc.
     ZymeQuest, Inc., located in Beverly, Massachusetts, is a privately owned
company pioneering the discovery, development and commercialization of
enzymatic blood conversion products for use in transfusion medicine.
ZymeQuest's technology is based on the use of proprietary enzymes and state-
of-the-art processes to convert human red blood cells from blood groups A, B,
and AB to enzyme converted group O (ECO) cells.  For more information about
ZymeQuest, visit the company's website at www.zymequest.com.

     This news release contains forward-looking statements, including
statements regarding sales growth, product development initiatives and new
product marketing that involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to
change.  A full discussion of Chiron's operations and financial condition,
including factors that may affect its business and future prospects, is
contained in documents the company has filed with the SEC, including the form
10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2003, and the form 10-K for year
ended December 31, 2002, and will be contained in all subsequent periodic
filings made with the SEC.  These documents identify important factors that
could cause the company's actual performance to differ from current
expectations, including the outcomes of clinical trials, regulatory review and
approvals, manufacturing capabilities, intellectual property protections and
defenses, stock-price and interest-rate volatility, and marketing
effectiveness.  In particular, there can be no assurance that Chiron will
increase sales of existing products, successfully develop and receive approval
to market new products, or achieve market acceptance for such new products.
There can be no assurance that Chiron's out-licensing activity will generate
significant revenue, nor that its in-licensing activities will fully protect
it from claims of infringement by third parties.
     Consistent with SEC Regulation FD, we do not undertake an obligation to
update the forward-looking information we are giving today.

     Note: Procleix is a trademark of Chiron Corporation.  ZymeQuest and ECO
are trademarks of ZymeQuest, Inc.



SOURCE  Chiron Corporation


.................................


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980547

Abstract

Transfus Clin Biol. 2004 Feb;11(1):33-9.

Universal red blood cells--enzymatic conversion of blood group A and B antigens.

Olsson ML1, Hill CA, de la Vega H, Liu QP, Stroud MR, Valdinocci J, Moon S, Clausen H, Kruskall MS.



Author information



Abstract

Accidental transfusion of ABO-incompatible red blood cells (RBCs) is a leading cause of fatal transfusion reactions. To prevent this and to create a universal blood supply, the idea of converting blood group A and B antigens to H using specific exo-glycosidases capable of removing the immunodominant sugar residues was pioneered by Goldstein and colleagues at the New York Blood Center in the early 1980s. Conversion of group B RBCs to O was initially carried out with alpha-galactosidase extracted from coffee beans. These enzyme-converted O (ECO) RBCs appeared to survive normally in all recipients independent of blood group. The clinical trials moved from small infusions to single RBC units and finally multiple and repeated transfusions. A successful phase II trial utilizing recombinant enzyme was reported by Kruskall and colleagues in 2000. Enzymatic conversion of group A RBCs has lagged behind due to lack of appropriate glycosidases and the more complex nature of A antigens. Identification of novel bacterial glycosidases with improved kinetic properties and specificities for the A and B antigens has greatly advanced the field. Conversion of group A RBCs can be achieved with improved glycosidases and the conversion conditions for both A and B antigens optimized to use more cost-efficient quantities of enzymes and gentler conditions including neutral pH and short incubation times at room temperature. Of the different strategies envisioned to create a universal blood supply, the ECO concept is the only one, for which human clinical trials have been performed. This paper discusses some biochemical and clinical aspects of this developing technology.


PMID: 14980547  [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

./.......................


http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11508-enzymes-convert-all-donor-blood-to-group-o.html

Enzymes convert all donor blood to group O
18:00 01 April 2007 by Peter Aldhous



http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070326/full/news070326-17.html

Blood made suitable for all
Published online 1 April 2007
Alison Abbott





as you can see it's not real new..and seems to already be a cash cow

I recall I did an article recently on the question of DNA and blood transfusion... if the DNA from the donor survives,

I got a lot of interest at FB but never an answer  Seems no one knows 

Hmmmm  8)

ETA:   Just saw this

Enzymes convert all donor blood to group O
18:00 01 April 2007 by Peter Aldhous

Quote from: ArMaP on June 14, 2015, 12:25:51 PM
I suppose you noticed this: :)
PS: I don't know what's my blood type. :(

That should read Does NOT allow...

QuoteThe cow's blood product was painstakingly administered over two days

Quote

it still comes from blood and most JW's would not use it because of that.

well all the hype in the woo woo stuff seems to based in the RH factor
and to me it is something I need to read slowly and ponder because I find it complex when reading in depth
but to go into conversation on the woo-woo stuff you hafta have a bit of basic understanding

so with that in mind I will try to post the info in the simplest explaination
and links for anyone wanting more info

woo woo -  sorry to be so soft by using such a label for the stuff to come  but it covers all of the other than medical label



very simply


Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive — the most common Rh factor. If your blood lacks the protein, you're Rh negative.

www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/rh.../prc-20013476




...................................................


Rh factor

An individual either has, or does not have, the "Rh factor" on the surface of their red blood cells.


This term strictly refers only to the most immunogenic D antigen of the Rh blood group system, or the Rh? blood group system.

The status is usually indicated by Rh positive (Rh+ does have the D antigen)
or
Rh negative (Rh? does not have the D antigen) suffix to the ABO blood type.


However, other antigens of this blood group system are also clinically relevant.

These antigens are listed separately (see below: Rh nomenclature).

In contrast to the ABO blood group, immunization against Rh can generally only occur through blood transfusion or placental exposure during pregnancy in women

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system

Rh nomenclature

The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by Ronald Fisher and R.R. Race, the other by Wiener.

Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance.

The Fisher-Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.

The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each chromosome, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene R1 is supposed to give rise to the "blood factors" Rh0, rh', and hr" (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C and e antigens) and the gene r to produce hr' and hr" (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens).[6]

Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). Wiener's notation is more complex and cumbersome for routine use. Because it is simpler to explain, the Fisher-Race theory has become more widely used.


DNA testing has shown that are partially correct.[citation needed] There are in fact two linked genes, the RHD gene which produces a single immune specificity (anti-D) and the RHCE gene with multiple specificities (anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e). Thus, Wiener's postulate that a gene could have multiple specificities (something many did not give credence to originally) has been proven correct. On the other hand, Wiener's theory that there is only one gene has proven incorrect, as has the Fischer-Race theory that there are three genes, rather than the 2. The CDE notation used in the Fisher-Race nomenclature is sometimes rearranged to DCE to more accurately represent the co-location of the C and E encoding on the RhCE gene, and to make interpretation easier.


getting more complex




Rh system antigens

The proteins which carry the Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins, whose structure suggest that they are ion channels.[7] The main antigens are D, C, E, c and e, which are encoded by two adjacent gene loci, the RHD gene which encodes the RhD protein with the D antigen (and variants)[8] and the RHCE gene which encodes the RhCE protein with the C, E, c and e antigens (and variants).[9] There is no d antigen. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional).

Rh phenotypes are readily identified by identifying the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigens. As can be seen in the table below, most of the Rh phenotypes can be produced by several different Rh genotypes. The exact genotype of any individual can only be identified by DNA analysis. Regarding patient treatment, only the phenotype is usually of any clinical significance to ensure a patient is not exposed to an antigen they are likely to develop antibodies against. A probable genotype may be speculated on, based on the statistical distributions of genotypes in the patient's place of origin.

Rh phenotypes and genotypes   see chart at link





Inheritance

If both of a child's parents are Rh negative, the child will definitely be Rh negative. Otherwise the child may be Rh positive or Rh negative, depending on the parents' specific genotypes.



The D antigen is inherited as one gene (RHD) (on the short arm of the first chromosome, p36.13–p34.3) with various alleles. Though very much simplified, one can think of alleles that are positive or negative for the D antigen. The gene codes for the RhD protein on the red cell membrane. D? individuals who lack a functional RHD gene do not produce the D antigen, and may be immunized by D+ blood.

The epitopes for the next 4 most common Rh antigens, C, c, E and e are expressed on the highly similar RhCE protein that is genetically encoded in the RHCE gene, also found on chromosome 1. It has been shown that the RHD gene arose by duplication of the RHCE gene during primate evolution. Mice have just one RH gene.

The RHAG gene, responsible for encoding Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG) is found on chromosome 6a.

The polypeptides produced from the RHD and RHCE genes form a complex on the red blood cell membrane with the Rh-associated glycoprotein.




Function

On the basis of structural homology it has been proposed that the product of RHD gene, the RhD protein, is a membrane transport protein of uncertain specificity (CO2 or NH3) and unknown physiological role.


The three-dimensional structure of the related RHCG protein and biochemical analysis of the RhD protein complex indicates that the RhD protein is one of three subunits of an ammonia transporter.

Three recent studies have reported a protective effect of the RhD-positive phenotype, especially RhD heterozygosity, against the negative effect of latent toxoplasmosis on psychomotor performance in infected subjects.

RhD-negative compared to RhD-positive subjects without anamnestic titres of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies have shorter reaction times in tests of simple reaction times.

And conversely, RhD-negative subjects with anamnestic titres (i.e. with latent toxoplasmosis) exhibited much longer reaction times than their RhD-positive counterparts.

The published data suggested that only the protection of RhD-positive heterozygotes was long term in nature;
the protection of RhD-positive homozygotes decreased with duration of the infection
while the performance of RhD-negative homozygotes decreased immediately after the infection.




(http://other%20rh%20group%20antigens)

Currently, 50 antigens have been described in the Rh group system;

among those described here, the D, C, c, E and e antigens are the most important.


The others are much less frequently encountered or are rarely clinically significant. Each is given a number, though the highest assigned number (CEST or RH57 according to the ISBT terminology) is not an accurate reflection of the antigens encountered since many (e.g. Rh38) have been combined, reassigned to other groups, or otherwise removed.


Rh antibodies

Rh antibodies are IgG antibodies which are acquired through exposure to Rh-positive blood (generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products). The D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the non-ABO antigens. Approximately 80% of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody. The percentage of alloimmunization is significantly reduced in patients who are actively exsanguinating (some say to approx 15%)

All Rh antibodies except D display dosage (antibody reacts more strongly with red cells homozygous for an antigen than cells heterozygous for the antigen (EE stronger reaction vs Ee).

If anti-E is detected, the presence of anti-c should be strongly suspected (due to combined genetic inheritance). It is therefore common to select c-negative and E-negative blood for transfusion patients who have an anti-E. Anti-c is a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions.[



ok what follows are very interesting links for those who need more indepth info




http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2269/
chapter 7  the Rh blood group



http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/Rh_system.htm

Rh click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced blood types were discovered in 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener.  This was 40 years after Landsteiner had discovered the ABO blood groups.  Over the last half century, we have learned far more about the processes responsible for Rh types.  This blood group may be the most complex genetically of all blood type systems since it involves 45 different antigens on the surface of red cells that are controlled by 2 closely linked genes on chromosome 1.

The Rh system was named after rhesus click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced monkeys, since they were initially used in the research to make the antiserum for typing blood samples.  If the antiserum agglutinates your red cells, you are Rh+ click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced.  If it doesn't, you are Rh- click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced.  Despite its actual genetic complexity, the inheritance of this trait usually can be predicted by a simple conceptual model in which there are two alleles, D and d.  Individuals who are homozygous dominant (DD) or heterozygous (Dd) are Rh+.  Those who are homozygous recessive (dd) are Rh- (i.e., they do not have the key Rh antigens).



http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-transfusion-blood-types



http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/95/2/375?sso-checked=true


I'm sure you can find more if you want

I am AB-; my mother was AB-; her dad was Ab-; all three of my kids are AB-;
going to have to check into what my grandkids are...


seeker

ok onto the woo-woo believe it or don't stuff..

personally right now I don't...doesn't mean it isn't true..just that I haven't found enough  for me to buy into it..

there is a list with traits supposed to be for rh negative folks that reads like a new agers i-wanna-belong-to-that-club list
I can not find it's origins.. but dang has it been passed around by everyone as fact..
I've even checked it against my traits..lol because when finding this list it comes across as  you are superior if you have a bunch of these traits because..and here you can insert your group of choice and reason for rh negetive

you make up your own mind or add anything you think or KNOW

so in no specific order here's some of the stuff floating around...pleaseeeeeeeeeeeeee direct me to any proof of origin if you have it..
thanks
and
EN~JOY

get a nice beverage and put your feet up and listen to these nice robot like voices for a start..give your eyeballs a little rest
list of traits and more reading  later


opps almost forgot

just fyi and don't laugh but occult blood and the occult meaning of blood are not the same thing 





occult blood
n.
>.Blood that is present in amounts too small to be seen and can be detected only by chemical analysis or microscopic examination.
>  Presence of blood that cannot be seen with the naked eye......Mentioned in: Colon Cancer, Rectal Cancer
>blood that is not obvious on examination and is from a nonspecific source, with obscure signs and symptoms. It may be detected by means of a chemical test or by microscopic or spectroscopic examination. Occult blood is often present in the stools of patients with GI lesions.





http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AalKbp8-qcQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AalKbp8-qcQ

Rh Negative Blood - Holy Grail Bloodline
Temple of Theola

Published on Mar 31, 2014
Please sign, by joining together we can change the world http://bethesolution.net
http://templeoftheola.org/support-tru...








http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbdueayPmzk


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbdueayPmzk

Rh Negative Blood Traits and Characteristics - What Influences Does Have on your Physical or Mental
Health • Mind • Body • Spirit
Health • Mind • Body • Spirit
Published on Aug 18, 2014
Rh Negative Blood Traits and Characteristics - What Influences Does Have on your Physical or Mental. Whether or not you are Rh negative, you may be intrigued by the list of possible common traits--rooted in science or science fiction--held by people with this blood type.






http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tkxDLbQWJE


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tkxDLbQWJE

Does Rh Negative Blood Type Equal Alien Heritage? | in5d.com

Published on Sep 25, 2012
Did you ever wonder why there are so many different races and ethnicities and how they are correlated with blood types and Rh values? Is it really possible for some many blood types to comes from two people according to the biblical story? What is your blood type? What are your thoughts on these differences?

Article Resource:

Does Rh Negative Blood Type Equal Alien Heritage?
http://www.in5d.com/rh-negative-blood...

Body, Mind, Soul, Spirit
http://www.bodymindsoulspirit.com/

Category
Science & Technology
License
Standard YouTube License

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9VIrlRbO_I

here's the list  from various sites.. really a lot of good reading at them



http://cielclark.hubpages.com/hub/Are-you-rh-negative-blood-type-have-a-large-head-and-low-blood-pressure

Common physical characteristics of people with Rh-negative blood

right above the list - disclaimer for this list:
Before, I never really thought too much about my Rh-negative blood. But recently I have been researching different theories, and I'm not sure whether to file my findings under science or science fiction.

There is a lot of information about common factors in people with Rh-negative blood. There are some physical traits which can be proven, some mental tendencies (harder to prove), and some "magic" traits (very hard if not impossible to prove). I found similar information on many different sites, with no known original source—I will list all the sites I visited at the end.

Characteristics that could be scientifically proven or observed:

larger than average head size
low blood pressure
low pulse rate
extra vertebrae or rib
high IQ
heightened senses, including vision
uncloneable blood
light-colored hair, mostly red or reddish,
light-colored eyes (blue, green, or greenish brown eyes)
sun and heat sensitivity
tendency toward healing professions
body scars that cannot be explained
frequent empathetic illnesses

.......................................................

and from here  http://rhnegativeregistry.com/traits-of-rh-negative-individuals.html

another disclaimer at the link says:

Please let me first clarify, that this IS NOT a list put together by our website personally. 

This is a "cumulative list" of certain characteristics that a majority of people with Rh Negative Blood are said to share in common.





A feeling of not belonging
Truth seekers
Sense of a "Mission" in life
Empathy & Compassion for Mankind
An extra rib or vertebra.
Higher than average IQ
ESP Ability
Love of Space & Science
More sensitive vision & other senses.
Increased of psychic/intuitive abilities
Cannot be cloned
Lower body temperature
Higher blood pressure (some say lower)
Predominantly blue, green, or Hazel eyes
Red or reddish tint to hair color
Increased sensitivity to heat & sunlight
Unexplained Scares
Piercing Eyes
Tend to be Healers
Empathetic Illnesses
Ability to disrupt electrical devices
Prone to Alien Abductions
Experience unexplained phenomenon 
Physic Dreams and/or Ability
.....................................................................

ahh yes  even on farce book the list can be found and of course  makes you feel superior with this little blurb  ;D


RH NEGATIVE BLOOD = BLOOD OF THE GODS

https://www.facebook.com/notes/will-rogers/blood-of-the-gods-rh-negative-blood-o-blood/543307419051335

I probably shouldn't have copied this much but it's good to start the day with a laugh


Rh-negative women and men have several "Unusual Traits" that Rh-positives don't. Some call them "Reptilian Traits".

WHERE DOES Rh Negative Blood come from? Most people with RH-negative blood have certain characteristics that seem to be common among the majority. Here is a brief list of the most common.


¨ Extra vertebra.
¨ Higher than average IQ
¨ More sensitive vision and other senses.
¨ Lower body temperature
¨ Higher blood pressure
¨ Increased occurrence of psychic/intuitive abilities
¨ Predominantly blue, green, or Hazel eyes
¨ Red or reddish hair
¨ Has increased sensitivity to heat and sunlight
¨ Cannot be cloned
¨ Alien Abduction and other unexplained phenomenon

A person with type O negative blood is considered to be a "Universal Donor"....ie....
UNIVERSAL BLOOD or original blood. It means YOUR BLOOD can be given to man, mankind (a kind of man) and human (hue=color or bent man),regardless of their blood type, without causing a transfusion reaction. "O" NEGATIVE BLOOD is.........
OTHER WORLDLY ....IE .....NOT OF THIS WORLD!!!!!!!!


...........................................



http://politically-confused.blogspot.com/2009/12/beyond-pale-rh-neg-blood-type-mystery.html


this is an interesting comment above the list


The only other time this occurs in nature is, as an example, when donkeys and horses are crossed to produce mules. This is not 'natural' because left alone in the wild, these animals would never cross breed. Only with intervention would this happen. Was there a cross breeding of two human like beings, similar but genetically different?



People with RH-negative blood group have certain characteristics that seem to be common among the majority. Here is a brief list of the most common.

¨ Extra vertebra.
¨ Higher than average IQ
¨ More sensitive vision and other senses.
¨ Lower body temperature
¨ Higher blood pressure
¨ Increased occurrence of psychic/intuitive abilities
¨ Predominantly blue, green, or Hazel eyes
¨ Red or reddish hair
¨ Has increased sensitivity to heat and sunlight
¨ Cannot be cloned
¨ Alien Abduction and other unexplained phenomenon







ok already.. have you checked  for how you match up...?

I was on the subject of blood a few months back, wish this thread popped up then...

I don't even know my blood type, I keep meaning to find out..

(http://i1309.photobucket.com/albums/s635/Sinny_Dawes/bloodLife_zpsssmgpunb.jpg) (http://s1309.photobucket.com/user/Sinny_Dawes/media/bloodLife_zpsssmgpunb.jpg.html)

for years I have been drawn to a certain irish clan connection and to the basque people  for their stories of connections to other world beings 
so this jumps out to me as something to follow along the lines of blood

I do know of one person here with a basques heritage and hopefully that person has a few comments...the irish are also connected to the basque...but that's a long long bunch of stuff for them...


anyway this site is full of neat stuff...again En~JOY as you speculate on the connections
of perhaps the blood isn't from another species (aliens) so much as it may be possible that it comes from an older set of humans and is from a time long long ago but not so far away





http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_basques02.htm





1. Some 6 percent of Europeans are descended from the continent's first founders, who entered Europe from the Near East in the Upper Paleolithic era 45,000 years ago, Dr. Richards calculates. The descendants of these earliest arrivals are still more numerous in certain regions of Europe that may have provided them with refuge from subsequent waves of immigration.



One is the mountainous Basque country, where people still speak a language completely different from all other European languages. Another is in the European extreme of Scandinavia. Another 80 percent arrived 30,000 to 20,000 years ago, before the peak of the last glaciation, and 10 percent came in the Neolithic 10,000 years ago, when the ice age ended and agriculture was first introduced to Europe from the Near East.

from 'The Origin of the Europeans - Combining Genetics and Archaeology, Scientists Rough Out Continent's 50,000-Year-Old Story'








2. The blue people are a common story to the Appalachians. I do have a thought for you, or thoughts. Edgar Cayce predicted that when the last throes of Atlantis finally sank into the sea, its people were spreading to colonies across the world, one group in the Yucatan, some to what we call Morocco, another to the Pyrenees, and more even to what we today call the Carolinas region of North America.

Now we know through DNA testing that the NON-indo-european  Basques of the Pyrenees, the Berbers of Morrocco, and the Mayans of the Yucatan are almost a perfect match in DNA testing. What if these Blue people, or even the Melungeons of eastern Kentucky (who by the way, migrated from the Carolinas in their own lore) could be the lost piece of this Atlantean Colonial system.

from 'The Blue People - Ancient Races, Angels and Hell....'




 


3. Interbreeding
I stumbled upon a piece of information during one comm but I can't quite remember what the line of conversation was about. I do remember thinking that they had interbred with humans at one time. Maybe it was another species of aliens... I can't remember. But I feel it is quite possible there are people living today that are descendants of "inter-terrestrial" parings.



My suspicions are, if this is true, that the Basque people of the mountains between Spain and France are the most likely candidates in the search for their progeny. I have read that the Basque language has no identifiable roots and that they are also genetically different than all other humans on the planet. As far as I can tell, from the scientific community, they are a human anomaly.

from 'Project Preserve Destiny - Part 4'








4. There is a document about  Project Aquarius that deals with the history of the Aliens and their interaction with Homo sapiens for the last twenty-five thousand years. This interaction culminated with the Basque culture and the Assyrians. But Project Aquarius was closed. Their planet has turned into a desert following a war they had with another race. They have been devastated, they are in evolutionary decline, their digestive system is atrophied. They come here in search of new genetic material.

from 'The Bill Cooper Briefing'








5. AQUARIUS is a project which compiled the history of alien presence and their interaction with Homo Sapiens upon this planet for the last 25,000 years and culminating with the Basque people who live in the mountainous country on the border of France and Spain and the Syrians.

from 'A Research - MAJESTIC-12'

and from 'OPERATION MAJORITY'








6. Tradition has it that Hyperboreans were in contact with various "alien cultures". War supposedly broke out between the Hyperboreans and other civilizations (atomic war).


Descendants of the Thule caste (Celts) emigrated elsewhere to other areas of the planet. They colonized these areas, driven by "memory chromosomes" inherited from their space-travelling ancestors.


These star seed people are mostly of Celtic origin (Basques, Irish, English, Norsemen, Icelanders, Bretons, Spaniards and Portuguese) which, strangely enough, make up the largest percentage of RH-NEGATIVE blood types.

from 'UFO's and the Occult Reich'








7. These methods of concentration were probably based on Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises. The Jesuit techniques of concentration and visualization are similar to many occult teachings, especially in shamanic cults and Tibetan Buddhism. The Nazi's revered these Jesuit Spiritual Exercises, which they believed had been handed down from ancient Masters of Atlantis.



The occultists of the time knew that Ignatius was a Basque — some claimed that the Basque people were the last remnant of the Atlantean race — and the proper use of these techniques would enable the reactivation of the Vril for the dominance of the Teutonic race over all others.

from 'The Vril Society - The Luminous Lodge and the Realization of the Great Work'








8.  Traditionally, the Hyperboreans were in contact with extraterrestrials or 'alien cultures', in some versions of this, there was interbreeding. In common with the legendary inhabitants of Atlantis, they engaged in war with neighbouring civilizations. This escalated into the use of atomic weapons, resulting in a pyrrhic victory for the Hyperboreans, who, as well as defeating their enemies, virtually destroyed themselves in the process. In common with radiation damage in recent times, the surviving Hyperboreans were soon faced with the prospect of mutated and otherwise damaged offspring.



Showing remarkable resolve, those who had not sustained any apparent genetic damage, banded together and effectively removed themselves from the gene pool, a variety of self imposed quarantine. Any 'damaged' offspring from this group, were neutered. This early example of eugenics was practiced until they were sure that any defective genes had been bred out. The other mutated group eventually died out, whether they were 'assisted' in this, is open to debate. This may seem like, and indeed is, a harsh, clinical line to adopt, but being faced with the extinction of their entire race, they had little other option.

The descendants of this seminal 'Mother race' were the Celts who, like the ripples on a pond, spread out, colonizing various northern areas of the planet. Scots, Irish, Basques, Spanish, Scandinavians, Icelanders and the Portuguese, all these peoples are of Celtic origin. These disparate nationalities have one common genetic trait, a large percentage of RH-negative blood types, which, according to the beliefs of the Thule society was a characteristic of the Hyperboreans and their extraterrestrial associates.

from 'The Black Sun and The Vril Society'








9. THE LINGUISTIC ATLANTIS

Berber-Ibero-Basque
It has been suggested by linguistics that a nomadic Cro-Magnon society existed all the way from Morocco to the British Isles (which explains Stone Henge, similar sites in France, the caves near Basque, and Lixus). Both anthropologists and linguists agree that Basque is descended from a Cro-Magnon language.

Interesting notes: The Basque word for knife means "stone that cuts" and the word for ceiling means "top of cavern". Basque is also a mystery in terms of its alien styles of vocabulary, syntax and grammatical structure. While the meanings and definitions of words are considered to be primitive, the actual syntax is extremely complex and orderly. 

Both the Romans and Carthaginians recorded that Basque was originally very widespread.



(http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/imagenes_atlantidamu/atlantida13_03_small.gif)



Berber left behind the Guanches of the Canary Islands, and Basque their unique European language. Prof. Johannes Friedrich, the leading linguist and expert on Berber claims the language has not changed in almost 2000 years. Its complexity assures that.

The extinct Iberian language (found only on tablets) is related to modern Basque, and is suggested to be either an earlier version of Basque, or a language spoken by one of the earlier stages of Cro-Magnon man.

Welsh, Erse and Gaelic use the same complicated syntax that Basque does. The people living in the British Isles used that language long before the Kelts arrived in 1800 BC. Welsh is peculiar in that it adopted Keltic words into its vocabulary, but maintained the syntax. It is suggested that Pre-Keltic Welsh was identical to Basque.

The Mayas continue to this day to speak their language, and to the surprise of a Basque missionary during the 1500s come to convert them, found that they spoke almost exactly the same language, with a slight difference in pronunciation.

from 'Atlantis Forgotten'








10. It is clear from ancient writings that belief in Atlantis was common and accepted in Greece, Egypt, and Mayax {Mayan and Aztec Empires) by historians. The Basques of Spain, the Guals of France, the tribes of the Canary and Azores islands, a tribe in Holland, and dozens of Indian tribes all speak of their origins in a large lost and sunken Atlantic land.

from 'Atlantis, History of the Golden Ages - 2'








11.  The Survivors: "Homo Sapiens Sapiens"?


Meanwhile, Atlantean Man is identified with Cro-Magnon, or Aurignacian Man: Homo Sapiens Sapiens, the first really modern human, upright, with large brain and developed larynx for speech. This culture still survived as the colonizers of the remnants of the Atlantean empire. Like other colonizers in history who have lost their homeland, they preserved what they could of the language, technology and culture, but they were attacked by predators, hungry and cold in the new dark age after the floods and dust cloud. 



They were unable to maintain their original culture and, like Britain after the Romans left, declined into a long period of chaos, isolation and racial amnesia: possibly the distant ancestors of cultures like the Basques, Sumerians, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Carians, Mayans, proto-North American Indians, Mayas, pre- Olmecs and pre-Incas. 

from 'The Search for Atlantis'








12. The Basques

Two facts set the Basque people apart from the other Europeans who have dominated the continent the past 3,000 years:



1. The Basque language is distinctly different


2. The Basques have the highest recorded level of Rh-negative blood (roughly twice that of most Europeans), as well as substantially lower levels of Type B blood and a higher incidence of Type O




The Basques have:



• A unique system of measurement based on the number 7,
instead of 10, 12, or 60

• Made regular visits to North America long before Columbus to fish and to trade for beaver skins. (Recently unearthed British customs records show large Basque imports of beaver pelts from 1380-1433)


• The invention of a sophisticated navigational device called an "abacus." (No relation to the common abacus)




The Basques have the highest proportion of rhesus-negative blood in Europe, but they also have one of the highest percentages of type-O blood (55%). Another salient genetic feature in Basques is the shape and sutures (bone joints) of their cranial bones [The Reptilian skull ridge].



Another skeletal difference is the tendency to having a thicker breast bone.





More About Rh-Negatives:

Some suggest the Rh-Negative Hybrids came from the DRACO Caverns in the Carpathian Mountains and are mostly red-headed people with green eyes; but some may have black hair and brown eyes. There is little doubt that Rh-Negative people are Hybrids; and evidence seems to suggest they are part Reptilian and part Human.



If two Rh-Negatives try to have a baby it will usually abort, be born dead, die shortly after birth, or be born a "BLUE Baby", because it is not processing oxygen properly - thus the term "Blue-Bloods." Currently, only 5% of the Earth's population are Rh-Negatives; but an amazing 15% of England's population is Rh-Negative.



On the other end of the scale, the lowest incidence of Rh-Negative individuals (1%) is in Iceland. The Basques of France and Spain show unusual patterns for several genes, including the highest rate of the Rh-negative blood.



Their language is of unknown origin and cannot be placed within any standard classification.

extracted from 'Contact - Is the world ready?'








13. The mystery surrounding Rh Negative blood has given rise to many theories - the most common however is the extraterrestrial connection. The myth of the legendary polar country of 'Hyperborea' speaks of a utopian civilization that was in touch with extraterrestrials. Within this utopian setting a contingent of Hyperboreans bred with the aliens, and according to many writers this gave birth to the Rh Negative members of the Hyperborean society. The story goes that Hyperborea fell into chaos through atomic warfare with it's neighbors.



The effects of the radiation that followed caused serious genetic mutations and deformities amongst many of the people. The Hyperboreans managed somehow to separate the pure from the genetically impure. The result was that the impure died out, either they were assisted in this, or the two went their separate ways, the pure surviving and the impure dying out.



The Hyperboreans according to some writers went on to become the Celtic peoples, who colonized Northern Europe and Asia. These Celts still carrying with them the Rh Negative people - the human/alien hybrids from their interaction and breeding with the extraterrestrials from their past.

The above legend is interesting because it associates the Rh Negative blood type with the Celtic tribes, as if this is where the Rh Negative gene spread from!



It is very interesting that the Rh Negative blood is more common  in the Celitc and Basque peoples.



The legend of Hyperborea and it's interaction with extraterrestrials, resulting in a minority of it's population becoming Rh Negative, mirrors very closely my understanding with that of the twelve tribes of Israel and the thirteenth tribe of Levi. What if the above legend actually refers to  Israel and not the mythical polar country of Hyperborea. Could the legend of Hyperborea actually be the legend of Israel - the nation that was formed to house an unearthly addition?
extracted from Star Children!
 




Return to The Origin of The Basque People
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_basques.htm#menu

Well I'm half Irish.. I do intend to map a family history at some point, I don't know the in and out's of any investigation yet - Might be years from now but I'll keep you posted.

Quote from: space otter on June 16, 2015, 05:05:33 PM
for years I have been drawn to a certain irish clan connection and to the basque people  for their stories of connections to other world beings 
so this jumps out to me as something to follow along the lines of blood

I do know of one person here with a basques heritage and hopefully that person has a few comments...the irish are also connected to the basque...but that's a long long bunch of stuff for them...

The Basque people are the only ones whom Linguists are unable to find the roots of their language.

I am Basque and my mother was a Linguist.

  and a bit of the irish connection...

but then comes the red haired giants who were mound biulders...hummmmmmmmmmm
I wonder if anyone has done dna stuff on their blood or those in mounds in Ireland ?
but they are all long gone and all we have are a few tales..sooooo
more believe it or don't.. ;D

now to me an interesting note is that all of these 'connections'  were based on mountain tops...and where else would you land after a flood/s of biblical telling..and if a comet hit the planet perhaps more than one piece of land sank.. OR a comet could have shook up the volcanos and such
ahhh the imagination.. ;)






http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_tuathadedanaan04.htm

MYTHOLOGICAL AND LEGENDS

The stories of the female Basque God Mari and the Gaelic Irish tales of the Tuatha da Danann. The Tuatha tales describe powerful gods with orange or blonde hair and other unusual attributes.


Mari - the neolithic Goddess of Old Europe and the primary deity in Basque mythology - has many manifestations, including "as a tree that looks like a woman or a tree emitting flames", "a white cloud or rainbow, or a ball of fire in the air", a "sickle of fire, as which she appears crossing the sky" and "seen enveloped in fire, lying down horizontally, moving through the air".

The records from ancient Ireland describe a whole series of invasions. The "Lebor Gabala Erren" ("The Book of the Taking of Ireland"), compiled during the 12th century A.D. describes the coming of the mysterious Tuatha de' Danann or Tribe of Danu. They were apparently tall, blond or red-haired strangers, "expert in the arts of pagan cunning", who supposedly interbred with the locals, while teaching them many kinds of useful skills.

The Lebor Gabala records their dramatic entrance to Ireland as follows:

"In this wise they came, in dark clouds from northern islands of the world. They landed on the mountains of Conmaicne Rein in Connachta, and they brought a darkness over the sun for three days and three nights. Gods were their men of arts, and non-gods their husbandmen."



There are many stories of aerial ships or "demon ships" ("loinger demnacda") in the Irish annuals.

According to the mythic tales the Tuatha de' Danann were advanced enough to arrive in western Ireland (near modern Connacht) by air. They divided into two social classes:

"gods" as teachers of medicine, smithing, communication or druidry

"non-gods" as farmers or shepherds

Although no one knows for certain what the Tuatha looked like, descriptions, such as of their female war-leader Eriu, indicate tall attractive people with pale skin, high foreheads, long red hair and large blue eyes.

Other descriptions indicate blonde, golden hair with blue eyes. The blonde haired woman in the 1957 abduction of Antonio Villas Boas also had red body hair (pubic hair). She seems remarkably like Peter's female visitor, of which DNA testing was done, and the description of Eriu.



If the Tuatha cross-bred with local humans, they would have left hybrid descendants who look somewhat like themselves.




................................



http://www.greatdreams.com/reptlan/Tuatha_de_Danaan.htm



TUATHA DE DANAAN

FROM: http://en.wikipedia.org/

The doings of the mythical Irish fairy folk and gods, the Tuatha de Danaan, ("people/children of Danu" in Celtic; alternative: Tuatha Dé Danann) are detailed in the 12th century AD Book of Invasions.

Not much is known of the Tuatha de Danaan prior to their invasion of Ireland, other than that they came from four northern cities, Falias, Glorias, Murias and Finias, where they acquired their occult skills and attributes. On arriving in Ireland, on or about May 1, some accounts state that they burned their boats behind them to prevent themselves from being tempted to return; the Book of Invasions states that they wafted in through the air as a host of spirits. Other sources state that they came from the west (Atlantic Ocean) on clouds.

They then fought two battles, the First Battle of Magh Tuiredh, on the west coast, in which they defeated the clumsy and ill-armed Firbolgs, the indigenous population, and the Second Battle of Magh Tuiredh against the Fomorians, after a guerrilla insurrection by the Fomorians. During this battle, King Nuada of the Tuatha de Danaan lost an arm. He was replaced (since he was no longer perfect) by Bres or Lugh. After defeating the Fomorians, the Tuatha de Danaan gave them Connacht Dian Cecht) and took back the throne after Bres was exiled for his tyranny. Balor, the god of death, then killed him.

A third battle was fought against a subsequent wave of invaders, the Milesians, from Spain (who are thought to have been the Celts), led by King Milesius, who overcame the goddess, Ériu whom the Tuatha de Danaan sent against them. The Milesians were magnanimous in victory and named the island Erin, the dative form of her name, in her honour. Defeated, the Tuatha were led underground into the Sidhe mounds by The Dagda. Afterwards, they occasionally intervened in human wars on the side of justice and righteousness, armed with invisibility, flaming lances and magical white shields.

The Tuatha de Danaan fought against the witch Carman and her three sons.

DANAAN, The (Old Irish, tuatha: "family, clan"; dé Danann: "of Danu"): The Tuatha Dé Danann, a race of gods who withdrew to live in the hills of Ireland after their defeat by the Milesean Celts. The descendants of the Tuatha Dé Danann became known as the Daoine Sídhe, the faery folk and the term sídhe now means faery in the Irish language. In the Theosophy the Tuatha Dé Danann are known as Davana and are enemies of the gods. Also known as Áes Sí, Áes Sídh, Áes Sídhe, Áos Sídhe, the Children of Danu, Davana, the Hill Folk, the People of Danu, the Tuatha Dé Danann.



....

The Tuatha de Danaan in Modern Literature
The Pliocene Saga by Julian May posits that the Tuatha de Danaan and other mythological creatures were descended from extraterrestrials with advanced technology and psychic abilities.
Diane Duane: A Wizard Abroad.
The David Sullivan series, beginning with Windmaster's Bane by Tom Deitz, deals with a Georgia teen accidentally getting tangled up in faery affairs.

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The Dananns left Atlantis to settle in Asia Minor (now Turkey), Greece and the islands of Aegean. tunnels you will find that thirty six underground cities have been discovered so far  in Cappadocia with some going down eight levels.  Some of these cities can hold a population of thousands. The ventilation system are so efficient that even eight floors down the air is still fresh. Thirty vast underground cities and tunnel complexs have also been found near Derinkuya in Turkey).   Danaans are what are biblically known as the Tribe of Dan.  The name Danaans derived from their serpent Moon goddess, Dana or Diana. The Danaans made the headquarters of their serpent worshipping culture on the island of Rhodes, a name that originates from a Syrian word for serpent.. Rhodes was the home of the Danaan brotherhood of initiates and magicians known as the Telchines. The  Greek historian, Diodorus, said these initiates had the ability to heal, change the weather, and 'shape-shift' into any form. (The name Rhodes, which is connect to the German "Rot", meaning red, as with Rothschild (Red-Shield) became a code name for the bloodlines. Malta , too, was was an important center in 3500 B.C. and the home of a major Mystery School. Under Malta is a vast network of tunnels and megalithic temples where secret rituals took place and still do today. Malta's original name was Lato, named after Mother Lato, the serpent goddess.  The Knights Templar secret society was formed in the late 11th century to protect the reptilian bloodline or 'Le Serpent rouge ' the red serpent or serpent blood, together with their associated order, the highly secretive Priory of Sion. The goals of the Knights Templar and the Illuminati were then and are today to place these serpent bloodlines in all positions of power worldwide and thus form a reptilian centrally controlled one world government.  The Danaans also settled on Cyprus and in ancient times it was known as Ia-Dan or the "Isle of Dan". The name of the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, a place so important to the Druids, has the same origin, no doubt. The Tauras Mountains in Turkey, the Baleric Islands and Syria  were other Danaan settlements and they traveled from Atlantis to Britian where they became known as Tuatha de Danaan or the "People of the Sea" . These carried the Anunnaki bloodlines. aThe female Amazons were another branch of the Hesperides or Hespera, a name for Atlantis. They, too, followed the goddess Athene or Nieth and venerated her symbol, the double-headed axe. They founded shrines to the serpent goddess in many places, including the famous centre for Diana worship at Ephesus and other locations along the Turkish coast. The 'Canaanites' also descended from Atlantis/Lemuria.  Mark Amaru Pinkham describes the migration of Atlanteans to 'Canaan' in the Return of the Serpents of Wisdom:


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c.300 B.C.-432 A.D. - A new group of Others arrives on Earth - an aristocratic race of scientists, poets and builders fleeing their own home. This group is mythologically known as the Sidhe, Faylinn, Dei Terreni, and Tuatha De Danaan. This race finds a fertile, isolated island (Eire, or modern Ireland) and makes it their own. They take the tribes living there under their protection and teach them their secrets of art, architecture and mathematics. The essence of Danaan science stems from music - the controlled manipulation of sound waves - and this becomes recorded in legend as the "music of the spheres." When the Annunaki return to reclaim their world and their slaves, they are few in number and begin to turn humans against the Danaan, by filling them with jealousy and fear. Mankind becomes embroiled in the conflict between the Annunaki and the Danaan - a conflagration extending even to the outer planets of the solar system (which is immortalized and disguised as a war in heaven). Finally, when it appears that Earth and even Eire is threatened with devastation, the war abates under terms. A pact is struck, whereby the two races intermingle to create a new one, to serve as a bridge (the first Archons). Direct communication between humanity and the Annunaki and the Danaan continues, but is severely curtailed. Both races retreat into invisible realms, demonized by various religions, and diminished in stature by various myths. A Danaan colony from Earth settles on Mars, observing the terms of the truce wherein both races agreed to leave Earth. Enlil - the last of the Annunaki, and one of the original architects of man - refuses to go quietly into the other realms. Determined to use the hybrid race to spread his beliefs, Enlil makes his base in Ireland, the former kingdom of the Danaan. Having broken the pact, none of his own race come to his aid, and he is vanquished by Patrick. (Savage Sun, Parallax Red)

FROM: THE TIMELINE       (The webpage cannot be found)

 

.......................................................



http://baharna.com/celtic/



the Tuatha de Danaan  family tree





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edit to add.. opps I forgot this one and only copying a small parts..very interesting reading here




http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/the-original-europeans-theory-rh-negative-origin.html


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The Original Europeans, Rh- Factor & The Neolithic Settlements of Ireland


Found at:http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146411686

Written By: MikeMcNamara8 ~ Blogger



The original Europeans who carried the rhesus negative blood factor 35 000 years ago are probably the original Europeans who painted the comic strips and other art in the caves of southern France and northern Spain which includes the Chauvet-Pont-d' Arc cave and the Lascaux cave paintings found in the Pyrennes.

The rhesus negative blood factor is a recessive phenotype while the O rhesus positive factor is a dominant phenotype. Black wavy hair, brown eyes, copper to brown tanned oily skin are dominant phenotypes which the men who drew these cave paintings most likely possessed. The women most likely possessed dominant features as well but probably had hazel eyes and slightly lighter skin which may have been less oily. These women were probably the carriers of the O positive blood factor.

35 000 years ago the men of southern France and the Basque region hunted the wild bison, wooly rhinocerus, horse, and mammoth where they lived in tepees with the women and not in the painted caves according to popular belief. The women would have gathered wild fruits, seeds, and berries where they brought them back to thier campsite. They probably spent most of thier time in those dark tepees and only occasionaly did they most likely wander out of thier tepees to collect the fruit of the plains. The reason being for this is that after menstruation and child birth, they needed protection from the cold and other weather elements to raise and feed thier children. This is probably where the women, over thousands of years, obtained the recessive genotypes like lighter skin and hazel eyes, although not necessarily the dominate phenotype of the O+ blood factor which they most likely picked up 5-6000 years earlier when they ventured out of Siberia on thier way to northern and southern Europe. It is positively sure that a few of the O rhesus positive women joined the O rhesus negative tribe, but a lot of the women travelling to southern Europe just below the Swiss alps likely still had the O rhesus negative factor while those travelling north of the glaciated Swiss alps likely had the O rhesus positive factor. This may explain why a lot of Spanish and Italians presently have dark hair as opposed to the Germans and French who have lighter complexions and blond or blonde hair.

Modern humans (H.s.sapiens) were present in western Europe by 35 000 B.C. During the final glaciation they occupied the area south of the major ice sheets, including both Spain and southern Britain. This Late Palaeolithic population is thought to have been relatively open with regard to mating networks, and mutations could have circulated among the founder populations of Spain and the British Isles. Indeed, during the maximum glaciation at around 18 000 BC, south-west Europe may have served as a refuge area for Palaeolithic populations where the shift in the thermal gradient enhanced offshore fishing on the Cantabrian coast. It is about this time that probably some of the big game such as bison, wooly rhinocerus, and mammoth would have been hunted to extinction while the lions who hunted these prey became extinct also. The hunters then probably turned to horses and the giant irish deer for food.

12,000 years ago the giant irish deer which these hunters hunted in southern France were becoming scarce and these hunters knew this. These giant irish riendeer likely stayed close to the ice-capped mountains of the Pyrennes and when the weather got warmer, they headed toward the glaciated mountain caps of the Swiss alps. The warm period came to an end about 11 000 years ago and a mini ice age followed lasting some centuries, during which the still present glaciers recovered some of thier lost ground. The famous Irish archaeologist Michael O'Kelly wrote:

"In the Post-glacial Stage which commenced about 10,300 years ago the climate again began to improve and thus began the present warm stage' in whic we now live".

It is likely that the upper palaeolithic or mesolithic hunter-gatherers of the Pyrenees and Andorra Spain ventured to the bay of Bisacy 12 000 years ago and started building thier ocean ships. What these were made of is uncertain, however it's quite possible that they used large logs made from oaks or pine that were doubled on top of one another where they were tied down with soft springy saplings that were split lengthwise and bent over the log

.........
THE Rh-NEGATIVE POPULATION

The first mesolithic people from the Basque peninsula were without doubt the most experienced sailors of the Atlantic. These people who populated the northwest coast of Europe have a very special blood peculiarty which thier descendants are still living today. Dr.Luigi Cavalli-Sforza published a map of the populations with the highest percentage of thier members with Rh-negative blood. He wrote:


"Rh-negative genes are frequent in Europe, infrequent in Africa and West Asia, and virtually absent in East Asia and among the aboriginal populations of America and Australia. One can estimate degrees of relatedness by subtracting the percentage of Rh-negative individuals among, say, the English (16%) from that of the Basques (25%) to find a difference of nine percentage points.

The highest percentage of people with rh- blood is found in the Atlas mountains of Morocco(40%). The next highest are the Basques, reported in different publications as having 25 and 32%, depending on location. The people of northwest Ireland, the Highland Scots and the western islanders of Norway all have between 16 and 25%, while the Lapps of Norway and Finland have between 5 and 7%

It is said that the first people in Ireland came from Scotland in wooden boats 10 000 years ago as mesolthic hunter-gatherers. If the first people came to Ireland from Scotland 10 000 years ago, surely Scotland, the outer Hebrides, and Orkney were populated much earlier. Not only that, the people on the west coasts of Ireland where supply and repair stations for the ocean boats of the hunters in Arctic Norway would have been to Ireland a few centuries or a thousand years earlier. It's possible that even if there were no deer in certain places among the glaciated Atlantic coasts

Michael Tsarion's speciality is Ireland... Although many believe his motivations are dubious.

Maybe have a mooch in his direction Sky.

Sinny
yes he is a well read self promoting story teller....
and just like what I am copying for here.. as my slant
he puts his own on his stuff...

as long as you remember that ..it's all good

What about the tall white red heads found in China?


They ried to nuke them by making the area their nuke test site but they missed. They didn't want people to know that whites were there before the Chinese apparently

The Mummies of Tarim Basin
Xinjiang Province of China
...
http://thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/The_Mummies_of_Tarim_Basin.html

Quote from: space otter on June 16, 2015, 05:05:33 PM
The Basques of Spain, the Guals of France, the tribes of the Canary and Azores islands, a tribe in Holland, and dozens of Indian tribes all speak of their origins in a large lost and sunken Atlantic land.

What Azores tribes are they talking about? There aren't tribes in the Azores. ???

ok going sorta sideways with the china mummies..but maybe not.
this stuff is more about the red hair than blood..  but then maybe the red hair is the rh- factor here.......who knows..as we can only guess at this point...   but it really is all good   ;D

Z the last part I copied the whole thing and it says copywriter..so if it needs deleted maybe just the link will be good enough..
hope I didn't get us in trouble


ArMaP  check out this part below
Guanche in Tenerife, Canary Islands




http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C76MafUXNec

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C76MafUXNec
Giant Mummies and Pyramids of China - Duration: 4:31

Perfectly preserved Caucasoid mummies and pyramids discovered in China, thousands of years before the Silk road, the earliest ...




http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKdKj7o-ZjM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKdKj7o-ZjM


SECRET MUMMIES OF CHINA - Discovery History Science (full documentary) - Duration: 55:12.
by AncientDiscoveryHistory






http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr5Kq56heIs


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr5Kq56heIs
Ancient White Mummies of Asia






http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqKwU5feaYs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqKwU5feaYs
The Loulan Mummy

Uploaded on Dec 14, 2006
A 3,800 year old mummy unearthed at the Xinjiang province of China. A photo of the mummy can be seen here:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/swamibu/...

Giant Mummies And Pyramids Of China
Wednesday, October 10, 2012 17:58
The Taklamakan Mummies(Tocharian mummies)
In the late 1980?s, perfectly preserved 3000-year-old mummies began appearing in a remote Taklamakan desert. They had long reddish-blond hair, European features and didn't appear to be the ancestors of modern-day Chinese people. Archaeologists now think they may have been the citizens of an ancient civilization that existed at the crossroads between China and Europe.

Victor Mair, a specialist in the ancient corpses and co-author of "Mummies of the Tarim Basin", said:"Modern DNA and ancient DNA show that Uighurs, Kazaks, Krygyzs, the peoples of Central Asia are all mixed Caucasian and East Asian. The modern and ancient DNA tell the same story."

The discoveries in the 1980s of the undisturbed 4,000-year-old "Beauty of Loulan" and the younger 3,000-year-old body of the "Charchan Man" are legendary in world archaeological circles for the fine state of their preservation and for the wealth of knowledge they bring to modern research. In the second millennium BC, the oldest mummies, like the Loulan Beauty, were the earliest settlers in the Tarim Basin.

The first Tocharian Nordic mummy found in 1989: a White female with long blond hair, finely preserved by the arid desert atmosphere of the Taklamakan desert. Based on her partially dismembered limbs and gouged out eyes, archaeologists believe she was a sacrificial victim
or they thought she was a witch


(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Tarimrivermap.png)



.................




http://blog.world-mysteries.com/ancient-writings/the-red-haired-race/


January 24, 2014

The Red-haired Race
by Leonard Farra

The Guanches were the people living in the Canary Islands before the Spanish conquest in the 15th century. Although it's believed that they were related to the North African Berbers, we should bear in mind that they were of mixed race. Some, who were a brownish shade, were of the Mediterranean Race and as others were tall, white, fair or red-haired, nobody has questioned why red-haired mummies have been discovered in caves (1).

Guanche in Tenerife, Canary Islands



Statue of a It's not known when the Guanches arrived in the Canary Islands but, in common with people throughout the Early World, they claimed to be the survivors of a great flood which destroyed their former homeland (2). It's generally believed that the deluge legends relate to the end of the Ice Age around 10,000 years ago. However, as we shall later see, there appears to have been  a worldwide catastrophe several thousand years later and it appears to be the origin of the hundreds of flood stories that were told by the Ancients.




The Menehune Fish Ponds on Kauai,Hawaii which are believed to be the work of an early red-haired race of master builders

Most native peoples in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific Isles, have black hair and as red hair occurs more frequently in people of north-western Europe ancestry, this suggests that, at an early time there was a red-haired white race living somewhere in the region.  A few thousand years ago, the Celts migrated across Western Europe and they arrived in Ireland around 2,500 b.c.e. Like the Guanches, the Irish are of mixed race and red hair is common among them. When the Celts came to the Emerald Isle, they found that they were not the first people living there. According to Irish legend, one of the peoples who preceded them on the island were the Tuatha de Danaan – an advanced race who had fair to reddish hair. The Irish associated them with many of their country's great mounds and they said  that they arrived in Ireland from four lost cities somewhere in the North.




New grange Ireland which is associated with the Tuatha De Dannan

Could it be that the Tuatha intermarried with the Celts and that this is why so many Irish people have red hair? The highest proportion of red-haired people in Europe is in Scotland which also suggests a mixing of early races in that country. Over the years, Classical, and other scholars, have commented on the red hair of some of the European tribes such as the Belgae –Gallo-Germanic tribes in Northern Gaul, from whom the name Belgium was derived, and Boudica, the queen of the Celtic Iceni, was described as a tall women with flowing red hair.

   The story becomes more intriguing when we find that, prior to the arrival of the Europeans, there may have been red-haired people in parts of North and Central America. The native Paiute in Nevada, for example, have legends about a war in which their ancestors fought, and destroyed, a tall red-haired race who they called the Si-te-cah. Sceptics place little significance on their legends but in Mayan temple art, in Chichen Itza, in the Yucatan, there are paintings of tall, white, men with flowing golden hair in scenes of conflict (3 ) and as we shall see, there are also traces of tall, white, red heads in various parts of South America.




The Temple of the Warriors in Chichen Itza Mexico where there are paintings of golden haired light-skinned men.

Matto Grosso, the third largest state in area in Brazil , lies in the west of the country and half of its north region is covered by the Amazon rain forest. Col. P. H. Fawcett, the famous British explorer who disappeared there in 1925, was  fascinated with legends of white tribes, and mysterious lost cities, and so  he went there on several expeditions, between 1906 and 1925, and one of the things that amazed him were the reports of sightings of blue-eyed, red-haired, Indians (4). Harold. T. Wilkins, an authority on the mysteries of South America, relates that an old Spanish historian reported that there was a tall red-haired, bearded, Amazon people, the Mayorumas, 'whose skin was so white that they resembled the English or Flemish peoples' (5) and William F. Dankenbring adds that builders of Brazil's Trans-Amazon Highway also discovered the existence of a white skinned, red-bearded tribe (6).

    Harold T. Wilkins relates that, in 1929, the American traveller Lawrence Griswold was captured by Shuara Indians and he was taken up the Rio Juara one of the many tributaries of the Amazon. One day he, and his savage captors, came across the ruins of an ancient city where he saw pyramids, and a horseshoe shaped amphitheatre, and the small tribal elder tried to convince Griswold that the city was built by his tribes' ancestors. However, this was obviously untrue as he claimed that its tall, 'red-haired', builders were changed into his people 'due to their wicked behaviour before the Flood'. Griswold was very lucky that he was a tall red-head as the Indians thought that he was of the lost race and this is why they saved his life after capturing him. Griswold was later escorted to the nearest post on the Amazon and, from there, he made his way back to New York (7). As in the Canary Islands, red-haired mummies have also been found in Peru and there is evidence to suggest that tall, red-headed, whites were involved in the early history of this region ( 8).

When he was investigating the origin of the Redin, the earlier red-haired, white ,population in the Maldives, (9)Thor Heyerdahl extended his research to the Indian sub-continent. Although he found cultural similarities between some parts of the two areas, his unique  study was not conclusive. What he should have noted is that red hair and blue eyes can be found among some of the people in the Western and Northern parts of South Asia. The indications are that there was a migration of red-heads into this region thousands of years ago but where did these people come from?  What we do know is that Indian legends tell of giant, demon-like, beings ,the Rakshashas, who had red hair and beards. The Rakshasas are said to have been the enemies of man and it is said that they fought the gods. These Indian legends may have given rise to a dislike of red-haired people in the country and to have prompted Donald A. Mackenzie to report, a 100 years ago, that 'a native girl with auburn locks is not cared for as a bride' (10).

We can now take this story a step further. In Ancient Egypt, a popular, allegorical, story, which I have decoded, tells of the conflict between the gods and an evil red-haired race. This legend influenced Egyptian Afterlife traditions, and customs, and it was the reason why, at one time in the country's long history, red haired people were sacrificed (11). In the New Kingdom, though, attitudes had changed. Egypt now had a tall red-haired king. His name was Ramasses 11 and he resembled the tall, white, Guanches in the Canary Islands (12).  But that's another fascinating story.

Conclusions
  In various parts of the Early World, there were legends of an advanced, fair to reddish haired, pre-deluge, race who, according to some traditions, were in conflict with 'The Gods'. But who were the gods in this era and what did happen? One of the stories told about this appears in the mystical, allegorical, writings about Enoch in which non earthly beings, who were like white men, escort Enoch to a high place to watch the evil  behaviour of men who are symbolised by animals. The animals begin to fight each other and the white beings send down destruction on them (13).  Enoch's non earthly companions were based on the Annunaki, of Sumerian tradition, who reputedly caused the Flood, and whose leaders also appeared in the traditions of  other various people, such as the Babylonians, Egyptians and Assyrians, in the intervening years.

    As the red-haired whites were tall, they might also have been the pre-deluge race of giants mentioned in the folklore of many early cultures and their conflict with the visiting 'sky-people' might have been the origin of the Greek story of the war between gods and giants. Because they were thought to be descended from the evil race, red-haired  people have been badly treated over the years such as being sacrificed to the gods in Ancient Egypt and later being accused of witchcraft and of having bad tempers. Evidence suggests that people of this description were living in various parts of the world such as in North Western Europe and in the Americas and there are also traces of them on some of the Pacific Islands including Easter Island (14). And finally, there is evidence to suggest that the destruction of the previous age happened 5,000 years ago around which time there was major flooding, and climate change, in various parts of the world, followed by the rebirth, (not the birth as is generally believed by scholars), of civilization (15).

References

Thor Heyerdahl. Early Man and the Ocean (p104).
Col A .Braghine. The Shadow of Atlantis (p156).   
Thor Heyerdahl. American Indians in the Pacific ( p288).
Col.P.H.Fawcett.  Exploration Fawcett (p83).
Harold.T.Wilkins. Secret Cities of Old South America (p87).
William.F.Dankebring. Beyond Star Wars (p94).
Harold.T Wilkins. Mysteries of Ancient South America (p144).
Leonard Farra. The Pleiades Legacy (The New World).
Thor Heyerdahl. The Maldives Mystery.
Donald.A.Mackenzie. Indian Myth and Legend (p208).
J.G.Frazer. The Golden Bough (p378)
Leonard Farra. The Pleiades Legacy. (P114).
The Book of Enoch. Translated by R.H.Charles. (p115).
Thor Heyerdahl. Easter Island the Mystery Solved (p201).   
Leonard Farra: The Pleiades Legacy.
    The Pleiades Legacy (The New World)
   The Pleiades Legacy (The Stone Age)
Copyright 2014 by Leonard Farra

More Articles by Leonard Farra >>

The Pleiades Legacy (The Stone Age) (The Return of the Gods) by Leonard Farra, can be purchased Online from Blurb.Com 
The Pleiades Legacy  (the Old World) and The Pleiades Legacy (The New World) can be purchased as Ebooks from the same source.

Quote from: space otter on June 16, 2015, 10:54:49 PM
ArMaP  check out this part below
Guanche in Tenerife, Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are not the Azores. :)

The Canary Islands are not the Azores

ok already geeeeze....I was only copying text as I have never explored the difference

but you are Portuguese and the azores are Portuguese so I take your word for it



but you just might want to check this out

http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/portoazores.htm


or this
http://portuguese-american-journal.com/archeology-prehistoric-rock-art-found-in-caves-on-terceira-island-azores/


Posted on 27 August 2012.
By Carolina Matos, Editor (*)
The president of the Portuguese Association of Archaeological Research (APIA), Nuno Ribeiro, revealed Monday having found rock art on the island of Terceira, supporting his believe that human occupation of the Azores predates the arrival of the Portuguese by many thousands of years, Lusa reported.


now does that mean there were 'tribes"...I have no idea..but sounds like there may have been humans of some type..imo

how about this pyramid?  man made or a natural formation ?

http://www.azores-pyramid.org/
Reports of Underwater Pyramid off the Coast of Terceira Island
? Created on Thursday, 26 September 2013 12:05
Portuguese news sites are reporting on the apparent discovery of a man-made subaquatic pyramid between the islands of São Miguel and Terceira in the Azore in Portugal. The underwater pyramidal structure was found by a private yacht owner, Diocleiano Silva, who spotted the strange shaped object on sonar at a depth of 40 metres while sailing in the area.


I can only copy what others have written..it's another part of the world I won't be visiting this life time

The structure is said to be perfectly squared and oriented by the cardinal points. It is thought to be approximately 60 metres tall with a base of around 8,000 square metres. The Portuguese Hydrographic Institute of the Navy is currently analysing the data to determine whether it is in fact man-made or not.

Quote from: space otter on June 16, 2015, 05:05:33 PM
...The Basques of Spain, the Guals of France, the tribes of the Canary and Azores islands, a tribe in Holland, and dozens of Indian tribes all speak of their origins in a large lost and sunken Atlantic land.

There are no Basques of Spain, nor Basques of France.

The Basques come from and belong to, the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain.

Both countries have taken turns through the centuries trying to annex and conquer the Basque, without success.

A51
I am glad you and ArMaP are catching the  'not' facts in these articles..
and I sincerely thank you

even though I was giving ArMaP a hard time  ;)

Quote from: space otter on June 17, 2015, 02:32:24 AM
ok already geeeeze....I was only copying text as I have never explored the difference

but you are Portuguese and the azores are Portuguese so I take your word for it



but you just might want to check this out

I know about those (or at least some of those) findings, but those say nothing about the people that may have lived there, as there are no references to any people living in those islands, so, no references to any tribes. :)

Quote from: space otter on June 17, 2015, 02:50:56 AM
even though I was giving ArMaP a hard time  ;)

It looks like a new trend, but I'm already used to it. ;)

I'm O+, and my mom is O-. I can recieve O+ and O-, but my mom only can recieve O-.

hey some fun.. ;D

I figure if we can consider aliens  why not this..consider it the horoscope of blood..lol





http://www.recipeapart.com/blood-type-reveals-personality/#ixzz1mi0l6Xtc
[size=12pt]
Blood Type Reveals Personality[/size]
by roshi on June 21, 2009

in Know Thyself

Your blood group type can reveal your personality; Bright and dark aspects of your personality. Let's have a look that what blood types possess which kind of qualities for any person and which blood type is compatible to another.

Blood Type O
Type O's are outgoing, and very social. They are initiators, although they don't always finish what they start. Creative and popular, they love to be the center of attention and appear very self confident.

Blood Type A
While outwardly calm, they have such high standards (perfectionists) that they tend to be balls of nerves on the inside. Type A's are the most artistic of the blood groups. They can be shy, are conscientious, trustworthy, and sensitive.

Blood Type B
Goal oriented and strong minded, type B's will start a task and continue it until completed, and completed well. Type B's are the individualists of the blood group categories and find their own way in life.

Blood Type AB
Type AB's are the split personalities of the blood groups. They can be both outgoing and shy, confident and timid. While responsible, too much responsibility will cause a problem. They are trustworthy and like to help others.


Compatability by Blood Groups
A is most compatible with A and AB
B is most compatible with B and AB
AB is most compatible with AB, B, A and O
O is most compatible with O, and AB

Blood Type A
Best Traits: Conservative, introverted, reserved, patient and punctual. Perfectionists.
Worst Traits: Obsessive, stubborn, self conscious and uptight.
Famous As: George H. W. Bush, Ayumi Hamasaki, O.J. Simpson, Britney Spears, Alan Alda, Adolf Hitler, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Jet Li, Maki Nomiya, Rick James

Blood Type B
Best Traits: Creative, passionate, animal loving, optimistic, flexible and individualistic.
Worst Traits: Forgetful, irresponsible, and self-centered.
Famous Bs: Akira Kurosawa, Jack Nicholson, Luciano Pavarotti, Tom Selleck, Mia Farrow, Paul McCartney, Leonardo DiCaprio, Vince Young

Blood Type AB
Best Traits: Cool, controlled, rational, introverted and empathic.
Worst Traits: Aloof, critical, indecisive and unforgiving.
Famous ABs: John F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, Mick Jagger, Thomas Edison, Bob Sapp, Miyavi, Jackie Chan, Ken Kitamura

Blood Type O
Best Traits: Ambitious, athletic, robust and self-confident. Natural leaders.
Worst Traits: Arrogant, vain, insensitive and ruthless.
Famous Os: Al Capone, Gerald Ford, Mikhail Gorbachev, John Gotti, Crystal Kay,Queen Elizabeth II, John Lennon, Paul Newman, Elvis Presley, Ronald Reagan

Blood Type A – Tend to be cooperative, sensitive, clever, passionate and smart. Often bottling up anxiety in order to get along with others, they may hold in their emotions until they explode. Many are tense, impatient and unable to sleep well. While they are capable of leadership positions, they may not take them because the stress is not good for their tightly wired systems. In Japan many "A"'s are in research. They have roles in discovering more about and refining science, economics, manufacturing, etc. Their research on microflora and other areas of medicine is some of the best and most meticulous in the world. They are perfectionists to say the least. This quality shows up in their perfecting electronics like TV's and also less expensive more efficient cars that were originally created here in the US.

Blood type A's tend to have more sensitive constitutions. Too much stress weakens their immunity more quickly than other blood types. Low stomach acid is common among blood type A's even from birth, so special care should be taken when eating animal proteins. Using digestive enzymes, like Assist Dairy and Protein, along with consuming fermented foods and drinks is really a must for A's. It is not surprising to me that fermented foods like Miso and Natto play an important role in providing easily digested protein, in the Japanese Diet. They also eat raw fish which is much easier to digest than cooked.

Blood Type B – Blood type B individuals tend to be balanced: thoughtful like A's and yet ambitious like O's. They are empathetic, easily understanding others' points of view, yet often hesitating to challenge or confront. Chameleon-like and flexible, they make good friends.

Blood Type AB – Tend to be very charming and popular. They don't sweat the small stuff and can be seen as spiritual and even at times a bit "flaky". Only about 2 – 5% of the population are blood type AB. There is never a dull moment in a AB's life, so if you find one for a friend, consider yourself lucky! You'll enjoy some exciting times together!

Like blood type A's, AB's react to stress poorly. They are stronger and more active than type A's, but need to pay attention to stress levels so that they don't compromise their immunity.

Sometimes it is difficult to be an AB. AB's don't like to fit in anyone else's "boxes". If they feel too confined, they'll break out of that box and do things their own way. When it comes to food choices and AB must discover when they are more B-like or A-like. For example, dairy foods like milk kefir can be excellent for them or not good at all.

Blood Type O – Tend to be loners or leaders and are intuitive, focused, self-reliant and daring. They handle stress better than other blood types and have strong immune systems, a well developed physique and a physically active nature. Blood type O's tend to have sluggish blood flow and feel better with vigorous exercise for about an hour each day.

So what's your blood type? Do you think it's true?



.....................................................



http://www.mnn.com/health/fitness-well-being/stories/what-your-blood-type-says-about-you



What your blood type says about you
Science and Japanese tradition suggest that your blood type can reveal much about your personality and your health.


By: Melissa Breyer
Fri, Oct 24, 2014 at 12:08 PM


Blood is blood, right? Well, yes and no. Human blood is made of the same basic elements, but within that realm there are distinctions that account for four different blood types (further dinstinguished by negative and positive). What makes the four types of blood groups different is their antigens – the immune defense systems – on the surface of the red blood cells.

In 1930, a Japanese professor by the name of Tokeji Furukawa published a paper claiming that the individual blood types — A, B, AB and O — reflected the personalities of those who possessed them. Since then, blood type categorization, "ketsueki-gata," has become firmly entrenched in Japanese culture. Much like astrological horoscopes, Japanese television and newspapers offer blood type horoscopes, and books that detail the link between blood type and personality are perpetual bestsellers. There are even matchmakers who specialize in finding future spouse based on blood types. But much like astrology, a scientific correlation between blood type and personality remains unproven.

That said, there's been plenty of research detailing how blood types can reveal patterns of personal health – and that's fascinating in and of itself. It's thought that different blood types may protect us from different diseases; scientists have been finding links between blood types and illness since the middle of the 20th century. With that in mind, here's what the science has to say about your blood type. And for fun, we've thrown in a little ketsueki-gata as well.

If you have blood type A
Type A only has A antigens on red cells and B antibodies in the plasma; if you have type A blood, you can donate red blood cells to types A and AB.

The makeup of a person's antigens on red blood cells can determine how much of a certain hormone gets released. If you have type A blood, you're more likely to have higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol in your body. There are a number of health risks that are associated with type A blood, such as a 20 percent higher chance of developing stomach cancer compared to types O and B, and a 5 percent increased risk for heart disease compared to those with type O.

In addition, if you have type A blood, you are at higher risk for several types of cancer, such as some forms of pancreatic cancer and leukemia; according to the BBC, you are also more prone to smallpox infections and severe malaria. Ironically, those with type A also have been found to be less magnetic to mosquitoes – so there's reason to rejoice!

According to ketsueki-gata, if you have blood type A, you have some great traits. You are earnest, creative, sensible, reserved, patient and responsible (even if you are also stubborn and tense).

If you have blood type B
If you have type B blood, you only have the B antigens on red cells and A antibodies in the plasma; you can donate red blood cells to those with types B and AB blood.

Those with type B have an 11 percent increase in risk of heart disease over those with type O. A study at Harvard University found that women with AB or B blood have a raised risk of developing ovarian cancer, but if you have type B, it's not all bad news. Those with type B blood have up to 50,000 times the number of strains of friendly bacteria than people with either type A or O blood, which means all kinds of good things.

And in terms of ketsueki-gata? You can be proud of your passion, active nature, creativity and strength. On the other hand, you're also selfish, irresponsible, unforgiving and erratic.

If you have blood type AB
Those with AB blood have both A and B antigens on red cells, but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma. If you have AB positive blood, you are universal plasma donor.

People with type AB have been found to have a 23 percent increased risk of heart disease over those with type O blood. Having AB blood may double the liklihood that a pregnant mother will suffer from the blood pressure condition called pre-eclampsia.

One intriguing blood type study published in the journal Neurology found that those with type AB blood were 82 percent more likely to have cognitive difficulties — specifically in areas like memory recall, language and attention — than people with other blood types. The researchers suspect that the clotting protein known as coagulation factor VIII is to blame. "Since factor VIII levels are closely linked to blood type, this may be one causal connection between blood type and cognitive impairment," said study author Mary Cushman.

When it comes to ketsueki-gata, if you have type AB blood you're cool, controlled, rational and adaptable ... and critical, indecisive, forgetful and irresponsible.

If you have blood type O
If you fall into the O blood group, you have neither A nor B antigens on your red cells, but both A and B antibodies in your plasma. O positive is the most common blood type; O negative is the universal donor type, meaning those with this blood type can donate red blood cells to anybody.

For those with type O, it's a mixed bag. If you have type O, you are more likely to get ulcers — and believe it or not, to rupture your Achilles tendons. You are also at higher risk of cholera. The good news is that people with type O blood are at a lower risk for pancreatic cancer and face a lower risk of dying from malaria than people with other blood groups; that said, is you have type O, you are twice as likely to be a mosquito magnet than those with type A blood.

If you have type O blood, ketsueki-gata suggests that you are confident, self-determined, strong-willed and intuitive; unfortunately, you are also self-centered, cold, unpredictable, and potentially a workaholic.
Do you know what your blood type is? Does any of this ring true to you?



.......................................




http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20170787

Japan and blood types: Does it determine personality?

By Ruth Evans
Tokyo


5 November 2012

From the section Magazine


Professor Maekawa has written several books about blood groups


Here, a person's blood type is popularly believed to determine temperament and personality. "What's your blood type?" is often a key question in everything from matchmaking to job applications.

According to popular belief in Japan, type As are sensitive perfectionists and good team players, but over-anxious. Type Os are curious and generous but stubborn. ABs are arty but mysterious and unpredictable, and type Bs are cheerful but eccentric, individualistic and selfish.

About 40% of the Japanese population is type A and 30% are type O, whilst only 20% are type B, with AB accounting for the remaining 10%

Four books describing the different blood groups characteristics became a huge publishing sensation, selling more than five million copies.

Morning television shows, newspapers and magazines often publish blood type horoscopes and discuss relationship compatibility. Many dating agencies cater to blood types, and popular anime (animations), manga (comics) and video games often mention a character's blood type.

A whole industry of customised products has also sprung up, with soft drinks, chewing gum, bath salts and even condoms catering for different blood groups on sale.

Blood types, however, are simply determined by proteins in the blood. Although scientists regularly try to debunk these beliefs, they remain popular in Japan. One reason often given is that in a relatively uniform and homogenous society, it provides a simple framework to divide people up into easily recognisable groups.

"Being the same is considered a good thing here in Japanese society," says translator Chie Kobayashi. "But we enjoy finding little differences that distinguish people. On the other hand, it can also lead to bad things being said about the minority B and AB types."



A minister quits
null
In July 2011, Minister for Reconstruction Ryu Matsumoto resigned after being criticised for making insensitive remarks. He blamed his blood type.

"I would like to offer my apologies for offending the people in the disaster-hit areas. I thought I was emotionally close to the disaster victims, but I lacked sufficient words and my comments were too harsh.

"My blood's type B, which means I can be irritable and impetuous, and my intentions don't always come across.

"My wife called me earlier to point that out. I think I need to reflect about that."



It was only in 1901 that the ABO blood group system was discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner. His Nobel prize-winning work made it possible to identify the different blood groups, paving the way for transfusions to be carried out safely.

Theorists of eugenics later hijacked his research during the inter-war years, with the Nazis using his work to further their ideas of racial supremacy.

It was also adopted by Japan's militarist government in the 1930s to train better soldiers, and during World War II, the Imperial Army is reported to have formed battle groups according to blood type.

The study of blood types in Japan gained mass appeal with the publication of a book in the 1970s by Masahiko Nomi, who had no medical background. More recently, his son Toshitaka went on to promote it further through a series of popular books - he also runs the Institute of Blood Type Humanics. He says his aim is not to judge or stereotype people, but simply to make the best of someone's talents and improve human relationships.

Between them, father and son have published dozens of books on the subject, not just the handful of bestsellers.

These beliefs have been used in unusual ways.

Societies dominated by B types are more prone to polytheism - like Buddhism and Hinduism - with lots of godsProfessor Maekawa
The women's softball team that won gold for Japan at the Beijing Olympics is reported to have used blood type theories to customise training for each player. Some kindergartens have even adopted methods of teaching along blood group lines, and even major companies reportedly make decisions about assignments based on employees' blood types.



In 1990 the Asahi Daily newspaper reported that Mitsubishi Electronics had announced the creation of a team composed entirely of AB workers, thanks to "their ability to make plans".

These beliefs even affect politics. One former prime minister considered it important enough to reveal in his official profile that he's a type A, whilst his opposition rival was type B. Last year a minister, Ryu Matsumoto, was forced to resign after only a week in office, when a bad-tempered encounter with local officials was televised. In his resignation speech he blamed his failings on the fact that he was blood type B.

Not everyone sees the blood type craze as simply harmless fun.

It sometimes manifests itself as prejudice and discrimination, and it seems this is so common, the Japanese now have a term for it - bura-hara, meaning blood-type harassment. There are reports of discrimination against type B and AB groups leading to children being bullied, the ending of happy relationships, and loss of job opportunities.

Despite repeated warnings, many employers continue to ask blood types at job interviews, says Terumitsu Maekawa, professor of comparative religion at Tokyo's Asia University and author of several books about blood groups. He's critical about sweeping popular beliefs about blood types.

"We can point out some general tendencies as a group, but you can't say this person is good or bad because of their blood type."

His own research, he says, is based more on empirical research rather than popular superstition. In his books he explores the theory that predominant blood types may determine religious beliefs and societal norms.

In the Western world, O and A types make up almost 85% of people, but in India and Asia, B types predominate. Japan, he says, is unusual in Asia in that it has more variety of blood types.

"A type societies tend to be characterised by monotheism such as Christianity and Judaism, with one fundamental analysis of human beings and a strong sense of societal norms. But societies dominated by B types are more prone to polytheism - like Buddhism and Hinduism - with lots of gods, and they think people are all different."

Professor Maekawa, himself type B, says in Japan his blood group is often criticised for being too individualistic and selfish.

"It isn't very nice. But it doesn't annoy me or hurt me, because it has no scientific basis at all."

In a smart state-of-the-art clinic busy with lots of people donating blood, director Akishko Akano says he's not aware that the negative image of certain blood types has an impact on their work, or dissuades minority B and AB types from coming forward. A bigger problem in Japan's rapidly ageing society, he says, is persuading enough young people to volunteer as blood donors.

In the next room, I find Masako, lying on a bed strapped to a quietly purring machine as a nurse takes samples. This is the eighth time she's given blood. Her blood type is AB, which is rare as it accounts for only 10% of people in Japan.

"People sometimes don't like me," she tells me. "They think I am weird and strange. Lots of people tell me they don't understand what I am thinking about."

Although Masako laughs as she tells me this, it seems that in Japan, no amount of scientific debunking can kill the widely held notion that blood tells all.

pieces from here and there and I think an end to my posting on blood...
hope you've learnt something or at least enjoyed a bit of it








http://rhnegativebloodsecrets.blogspot.com/


Copper Based Blood


It never fails to amuse me just how many misinformed people stomp about the place saying they did "research" into rhesus negative blood and then say we have copper based blood! How naive must someone be to believe that? All humans and vast majority of creatures have iron based blood only, only the horseshoe crab, mollusks, crustaceans and arachnids have copper based and literally blue blood. We are called blue bloods, not because of the actual colour of our blood, which is of course red, but because of the blue veins that shows through our pale white skin (those of O neg original lines). Yes you can have Rh neg blood and be black, but the origin of O neg blood is in very white pale people. Those of you who keep saying we have copper based blood are making yourselves look very silly!


- Tau Tia L Douglass


The Danger of Cats for Rh negatives

Rh negatives are more deeply affected by the disease Toxoplasma gondii, an older post on this blog show how some scientists were even trying to make out that Rh negative blood is the result of the disease. That is absolute rubbish of course. There are many diseases, like AIDs, Black Death, Ebola, Small Pox and many more than only affect Rh positives and not us, but of course they will use anything against us, to make out our rare blood is some how a mutation, rather than just a purer and more ancient version of their own blood.



........



http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/rh-negative-factor-recessive-trait.html
The Rh-Negative Recessive (Rh+/-) Trait

There are currently only 2 Rh Factor "Classifications" when related to your blood type.  You are either considered to be an Rh-Positive (Rh+) or Rh-Negative (Rh-).


This is because if you have ANY Rh+ blood in your body you are called Rh+.  However, in some cases an Rh+ person is born to an Rh- person.  Since we each receive one blood type (the letter) and one Rh factor (+/-) from each parent; we actually have TWO.


After birth, our blood type is simplified like a mathematical equation and we end up referring to our blood type as one letter and one Rh factor.  However, that portion of the full blood type that was part of the original equation does not just disappear. It will always be with you as a recessive trait. 




...............................



http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/Rh_Negative_Facts_Fiction_Origin_Personality.html


What is Panda Blood?   (http://0101.nccdn.net/1_5/333/085/276/panda-blood.gif)
Rh-negative (A) blood type, is called "Panda Blood" by the Chinese people, because of its extreme scarcity, like the Panda. Among the majority Han ethnic population, only 3 out of every 1,000 have Rh-negative blood, and even fewer are A type (Rh-).





What is it about Blue Eyes?

(http://0101.nccdn.net/1_5/09e/276/225/1264271057623431.gif)

New research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor.



According to a research team at the University of Copenhagen, they have tracked down a genetic mutation which they say took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today.


"Originally, we all had brown eyes", said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. "But a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a "switch", which literally "turned off" the ability to produce brown eyes". The OCA2 gene codes for the so-called P protein, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment that gives colour to our hair, eyes and skin. The "switch", which is located in the gene adjacent to OCA2 does not, however, turn off the gene entirely, but rather limits its action to reducing the production of melanin in the iris – effectively "diluting" brown eyes to blue.


Variation in the colour of the eyes from brown to green can all be explained by the amount of melanin in the iris, but blue-eyed individuals only have a small degree of variation in the amount of melanin in their eyes.

To read the full article, click here.
   http://scienceblog.com/15361/all-blue-eyed-humans-have-common ancestor/#Heo2P1sGRqtzZQbc.97



Beauty Tips For Every Blood Type

Posted on September 20, 2010
https://beautifullyinternational.wordpress.com/2010/09/20/beauty-tips-for-every-blood-type/


..............................................................................


HiddenMysteries and/or the donor of this material may or may not agree with all the data or conclusions of this data.
It is presented here 'as is' for your benefit and research. Material for these pages are sent from around the world.

http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r110199a.shtml


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There is a hypothesis that Quetzalcoatl (Rh-Negative blood factor) was a viking, sole survivor of a sea exploration. Or a Celtic person from the Tribe of DANA.

The KEY is in the HEART of the CELL.
* FRACTAL Genetic Embedded Information.
* Fractal Structure : Embedding Immortality
SEE : http://www.danwinter.com/gold/index.shtml

........you are deeply embedded now.. in the heart.


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RECURSION HARMONICS : The Enveloping Wave of Compassion? [ISNESS]

Blood Factor ( Rh+ or Rh-) and Morphogenetic Field Tuning.

* Your Rh status describes whether or not you have a protein on the surface of red blood cells. If you don't have the Rh factor, you're considered Rh-negative; if you have it, you're Rh-positive. About 85 percent of people are Rh-positive, though it varies by race. For African Americans, about 90-95 percent are Rh-positive, and for Asians, the figure is 98 to 99 percent. Hmmmm

Rh-Negatives are RARE.

But, strangely.... a person with type O negative blood is considered to be a "Universal Donor". It means his or her blood can be given to anyone, regardless of blood type, without causing a transfusion reaction.

The Rh-Negatives Factor is considered a "Mutation" of "Unknown Origin", which happened in Europe, about 25,000-35,000 years ago. Then this group spread heavily into the area of what is now Spain, England, Ireland, etc.


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The Process of Alloimmunization

During the birthing process, blood cells from the unborn child can escape into the mother's bloodstream. These cells are recognized as foreign if they are a different blood type from the mother and a natural rejection process will ensue with the formation of antibodies. The process is known as red cell alloimmunization.
Extracted from : http://www.med.unc.edu/obgyn/rh.htm


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Modes of Inheritance

In more than 98% of cases, the red blood cell incompatibility involves the Rhesus or Rh D antigen[Rh-negative Factor] so the disease is known as Rhesus disease or Rh disease. Although the exact percentage varies with race, 15% of the United States population is Rh-negative and 85% is Rh-positive. If a Rh-negative woman conceives a child with a Rh-positive partner, the potential exists for the child to inherit its father's Rh-positive blood type.[ There are two types of Rh-positive men. In 55% of individuals, the man is heterozygous. In this situation, his genetics allow him to produce Rh-negative offspring 50% of the time and Rh-positive offspring the remaining 50% of the time. In the second type of a Rh-positive= individual, homozygous state.]

So... Rh-negative women with a Rh-positive partner are at RISK of spontaneous miscarriage and other fetus REJECTION events. Hmmmm And a Rh-negative woman with a Rh-negative partner has even a smaller chance of having a Baby born alive! Hmmmm... In animals this is seen as a problem, in HYBRID Animals.

Rh-negative women and men have several "Unusual Traits" that Rh-positives don't. Some call them "Reptilian Traits".


* An EXTRA-Vertebra (a "Tail Bone")....some are born with a tail(called a "Cauda").
* Lower than normal Body Temperature
* Lower than normal Blood Pressure
* Higher mental analytical abilities.
* Higher Negative-ion shielding (from positive "charged" virus/bacteria)around the body.
* High Sensitivity to EM and ELF Fields.
* Hyper Vision and other senses.
* Etc. (TS-MAJIC-NSC)


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EUROPE'S MYSTERY PEOPLE :

http://www.knowledge.co.uk/frontiers/sf085/sf085a02.htm
The researches of R. Frank, a scholar at the University of Iowa, suggest that the Basques were far-advanced in navigational skills and other aspects of technology long before the rise of the Roman Empire. The Basques, she believes, are the last remnants of the megalith builders, who left behind dolmens, standing stones, and other rock structures all across Europe and perhaps even in eastern North America.

Two facts set the Basque peoples apart from the other Europeans who have dominated the continent the past 3,000 years: (1) The Basque language is distinctly different; and (2) The Basques have the highest recorded level of Rh-negative blood (roughly twice that of most Europeans), as well as substantially lower levels of Type B blood and a higher incidence of Type O blood.

Some probable technological feats of the Basques or their ancestors are:

Stonehenge and similar megalithic structures....A unique system of measurement based on the number 7, instead of 10, 12, or 60 Regular visits to North America long before Columbus to fish and to trade for beaver skins. Recently unearthed British customs records show large Basque imports of beaver pelts from 1380-1433. The invention of a sophisticated navigational device called an "abacus." (No relation to the common abacus.)

(Haddingham, Evan; "Europe's Mystery People," World Monitor, p. 34, September 1992. Cr. A. Rothovius.)
From Science Frontiers #85, JAN-FEB 1993. A9 1997 William R. Corliss


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Human Genetics...

Odd, the REPTILIAN "Aliens" like Abducting the Rh-Negative Humans.

*Human Genetic Traits and Conditions:
http://www.bsc.ufl.edu/bsc/HumanGenetics.shtml

Hmmm... The widow's peak ; Tongue rolling ; Ear lobes ; Freckles ; Eye color ; Polydactyly ; Webbed feet and/or hands ; Albinism ; Rh blood groups ; Cauda ; etc.

CAUDA EQUINA - The bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the end of the spinal cord and filling the lower part of the spinal canal(from approximately the thoraco-lumbar junction down). Embryology : Caudally the tail region projects over the cloacal membrane.

Cauda : the tail.
The embryonic Human HAS a TAIL! * We ALL my be part REPTILIAN. How does the cauda equina develop?

In the third month, the spinal cord extends through the entire length of the embryo. With increasing age the vertebral column and dura mater lengthen more rapidly than the neural tube and the caudal end of spinal cord shifts to a higher level of the vertebral canal. As a result of this differential growth, the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves= run obliquely from their segment of origin to the corresponding level of the vertebral column.


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In Sanskrit "Ketuu" =3D The south Lunar Node, also known as "Cauda= Draconis", in latin. The "Dragon's Tail", in English. The Dragon's Tail (South Node):

Aspects to the South Node display the results of "Innate Unconscious Tendencies"[In the DNA?] and "Karmic Patterns", as they emerge in life.

The Draconic Zodiac, is used by some astrologers searching for hidden spiritual truths. The Dragon, TALI, Theli. Tali or Theli refers to the 12 Zodiacal constellations along the great circle of the Ecliptic; where it ends there it begins again, and so the ancient occultists drew the Dragon with its tail in its mouth. Some have thought that Tali referred to the constellation Draco, which meanders across the Northern polar sky; others have referred it to the Milky Way; others to an imaginary line joining Caput to Cauda Draconis, the upper and lower nodes of the Moon.

Once upon a time..... there were three zodiacs: the Sidereal, the Tropical, and the Draconic. Shhhh...
http://anastralwelcome.hypermart.net/dragontxt.htm

The Vertex, called a point of fateful encounters over which we have no conscious control, is the intersection of the great circles of the ecliptic... In the Draconic Chart the ecliptic plane of the Sun, the equatorial=20 plane of the Earth, and that of the Lunar orbit are all brought together....= Light paths meet Earth. Hmmmm For the Earth (as a whole), this would be in August of 1999!

The Hero in our Fairy Tales became a great prince, won great love,= gained riches, achieved greatness and acclaim by valiantly searching out and meeting the Dragon head on, face to face.

Set out on a journey and find the Dragon.

..... And everyone lived happily ever after...........*
* (except the dragon... : )


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The Reptilians are tracking those with Rh-Negative Factor Blood. Going back into time....the Rh-Neg Hybrids came from the DRACO Caverns in the Carpathian Mountains. They were mostly RED Haired, with Green Eyes and Black haired, with Brown Eyes. They tried to infiltrate themselves into the Blond/Brown Haired, with Blue Eyes, Civilization. They wanted to Mate with those who were not Rh-Negatives. Most Rh-Negs have a Lower Body temperature and Blood pressure than Rh-Positives. Many Rh-Negs are born with a CAUDA(tail) or an Extra Vertebra (Tail Bone). Rh-Negs are Hybrids. They are Part Reptilian/part human. If two Rh-Negs try to have a baby it will usually die or be born a "BLUE Baby", because it is Not processing oxygen properly. Thus "Blue-Bloods", if they survive. 5% of the Earth's population are currently Rh-Negatives. But, they are 15% of the population of the England and the USA.

Dr. Luigi Cavalli-Sforza from Stanford University wrote an article entitled "Genes, Peoples and Languages" (Scientific American, Nov.'91). He pointed out the high Rh-negative concentrations among the people of Morocco, the Basque country of Euskadi, Ireland, Scotland and the Norwegian islands.

The only people among these still to speak their original neolithic language were the Basques...
From http://www.islandnet.com/~edonon/intro.shtml

Also on the Rh-factor map, you will notice that the Icelandic=20 population has a very low incidence of Rh-negative individuals, unlike the rest of Scandinavia.
From http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/linguist/issues/3/3-87.shtml

The most distinctive members of the European branch of the human tree are the Basques of France and Spain. They show unusual patterns for several genes, including the highest rate of the Rh-negative blood type. Their language is of unknown origin and cannot be placed within any standard classification.

Consider Iceland, 1% of its population is Rh-negative. The population of Iceland is about two-third of Scandinavian and one-third of Irish descent. Scandinavia, Ireland, and the British Isles show from 16% to 25% and above Rh-negative. The other populations with a proportion of Rh-negative individuals similar to Iceland occupy the eastern half of Asia, Madagascar, Australia and New-Zealand.
From http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/linguist/issues/3/3-151.shtml



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Lucotte, G. & Hazout, S. (1995) "Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes in= basques", a report on population genetics sent to UNESCO .
From http://www.csu.edu.au/learning/eubios/PG.htm

Q17. Are the Basques genetically different from other Europeans?

A17. Apparently, yes. It has long been known that the Basques have the highest proportion of rhesus-negative blood in Europe , and one of the highest percentages of type-O blood (55%). Recently, however, the geneticist Luiga Luca Cavalli-Sforza has completed a gene map of the peoples of Europe, and he finds the Basques to be strikingly different from their neighbors. The genetic boundary between Basques and non-Basques is very sharp on the Spanish side. On the French side, the boundary is more diffuse: it shades off gradually toward the Garonne in the north. These findings are entirely in agreement with what we know of the history of the language.

Q18. Does this mean the Basques are directly descended from the earliest known human inhabitants of Europe, the Cro-Magnon people who occupied western Europe around 35,000 years ago?

A18. Nobody knows. This is possible, but we have no real evidence either way. The only evidence we have is negative: the archeologists can find no evidence for any sudden change in population in the area for thousands of years before the arrival of the Celts and later the Romans in the first millennium BC.

The people of the Basque region have a greater than 50 percent concentration of the RH negative gene,. The frequency decreases in relation to the distance from the Basque region into the rest of the world until there is very little evidence of this gene. This genetic mapping helps to show that a mutation from RH positive to RH negative occurred somewhere in the Basque area of Europe maybe as much as 40,000 years ago, as he discussed later. Basques are not regional inhabitants of an area, as some believe - they are a completely separate and distinct race whose origins are shrouded in mystery.

Although to all outward appearances they seem to be part of the so called "white" or "caucassian" race group, they have distinct genetic differences which does not allow their being classified as part of that "white" race. For example : Basques are believed to have been the originators of the RH negative blood factor - the original genetic pool from which this factor came. While RH negatives are a small minority in the "white" and other races, and practically non-existent in "orientals", the current Basques still are over 33 % RH negative. Another salient genetic feature is the the shape and sutures (bone joints) of cranial bones of Basques[The Reptilian skull ridge]. A third skeletal difference is the tendency to having a thicker breast bone.


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According to Alex Collier... The Alpha Draconians, a reptilian race composed of master geneticists, tinker with life - which from their perspective exists as a natural resource. The Draconians look at lifeforms which= they have created or altered as a natural resource. Apparently, the Alpha Draconians created the primate race, which was first brought to Mars and then to Earth. The primate race was then tinkered with....



http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r110199a.shtml

To HiddenMysteries Internet Book Store

   

lol, love that pik.

Bloodline of the Gods: Unravel the Mystery in the Human Blood Type to Reveal the Aliens Among Us (http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1601633653/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1601633653&link_code=as3&tag=pegasreseacon-20&linkId=5UWBISCPVZRXTR6E)

(http://i562.photobucket.com/albums/ss64/Micjer_2009/blood_zpsi8x1bzto.jpg) (http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1601633653/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1601633653&link_code=as3&tag=pegasreseacon-20&linkId=5UWBISCPVZRXTR6E)


Are significant numbers of humanity the product of an ancient and advanced alien civilization? Have we, across the millennia, been periodically modified and refined as a species? In short, has our genetic make-up been manipulated by otherworldly beings that view human civilization as one big lab experiment?

These are controversial and thought-provoking questions. They are also questions that demand answers, answers that may very well be found by examining those people whose blood type is Rh negative.

The vast majority of humankind--85 to 90 percent--is Rh positive, which means a person's red blood cells contain an antigen directly connected to the Rhesus monkey. This antigen is known as the Rh factor.

Each and every primate on the planet has this antigen, except for one: the remaining 10 to 15 percent of humans. If the theory of evolution is valid--that each and every one of us is descended from ancient primates--shouldn't we all be Rh positive? Yes, we should. But we're not. The Negatives are unlike the rest of us. They are different.

They are the unique individuals whose bloodline may have nothing less than extraterrestrial origins.

Well, I hope I'm RH negative if it means I cannot be cloned, better safe than sorry ;)

Was just scolling throught the RH Negative 'symptoms' and I share quite a few.

Celtic blood, red hair, blue eye's, sensitivity to sun & heat, lower bod temp, lower pulse...

Then again, that could just make me a vampire, in which case, is even awesomer!  :P

I'm still confused in regards to the whole reptilian thing, but the blood angle is helping me undestand a little better. For what it's worth, I think all nuts n bolts abductions are DOT MIL - 'demonic' encounters, I consider to be seperate.

for clarity... please read.. we do not have monkey blood
.I used bold for the real info stuff..thank you


http://www.rvdoon.com/rh-negative-blood-monkey-blood-blue-blood-pure-blood-true-blood-or-ordinary-blood/


By 1935 Alexander Wiener worked in the serological laboratory at the chief medical examiner's office in New York City. Wiener was interested in studying the evolution of agglutinogens M and N in apes and monkeys. (5) Wiener has a free and vast amount of published papers on his ape/ monkey experiments for those interested online. Wiener, working alone, used the same techniques Levine and Landsteiner used to identify the M, N, and P factors, Wiener took anti-M antibodies and anti-N antibodies and proved beyond a shadow of doubt that monkeys had the same M factor in their blood as humans do.(3) This is the same M factor shared by RhD and once Rhd blood was discovered, with that blood group as well. This should silence, I hope, the "we have pure blood" groups. To really drive the point home, check out this online article, read the tables in the mid section.

Landsteiner suggests to Wiener they next make a new "test serum" injecting cells from related test animals to see if the resulting anti-sera displayed human characteristics. This is the first time two animals are used in the same test. They chose to inject rhesus monkey blood into guinea pigs and rabbits because the rhesus monkey was higher up the phylogenetic tree than sheep. The antisera from the rabbits caused a reaction.

This was the successful procedure: They injected rabbits with .5cc (10 drops) of rhesus blood and the rabbit made anti M serum. They strained out the M cells with the anti-M antibodies stuck to them and discarded it. They took the remaining serum, freed from the anti-M antibody, and mixed it with a new batch of type M human. This new rabbit serum hit a home run by reacting with most but not all human blood. The new "rabbit test serum" had detected an unidentified antigen. It goes without saying here the scientists were testing human blood for "rhesus-like" factors and found one.

Note to Readers: What is being used here is rabbit serum (clear fluid) infused with antibodies against rhesus monkey blood, or to put it another way they're using anti-rhesus serum the rabbit made in self defense. Rhesus blood isn't used directly, it's rabbit serum filled with antibodies against rhesus blood. This is why Landsteiner is careful to call it "rhesus like" in their published papers. Later, they got the same test result using guinea pigs. They injected the rabbit with 10 drops of guinea pig blood and used the same procedure described above. "Guinea like" produced the exact result. While both rhesus like and guinea like produced the same test result, the rhesus like reaction was stronger.

Next, using the same procedures mentioned earlier the men removed the known antigens, A, B, M, N, P and retested the new "rabbit test serum." Again the anti-rhesus serum and the anti-guinea serum clumped the majority (85%), but not the minority 15%.(6) Using this method, they proved that human red blood cells carried a new and unidentified factor or antigen. The antigen-antibody reaction they discovered was weak in comparison to A&B antigen reactions. They calculated there were only ten thousand sites for this new antigen on a red blood cell as compared to the millions of sites for A & B antigens.(3)

They had no idea this discovery might connect to a human disease at the time. Don't forget: Landsteiner, Levine, and Wiener don't see or treat patients, they're lab workers.

Landsteiner's & Wiener's goal was to find all the antigens on red blood cells to make transfusions safer, and enhance the use of their test serums for use in blood tests to solve legal paternity disputes. While they were impressed with the new test reagent, the two weren't impressed enough to publish a paper on their discovery until January 1940. (6) At that time publishing was their "life blood," so they definitely weren't impressed.

Note to Readers: Landsteiner had retired in 1939, but Rockefeller let him use a lab until his death in 1943. He died in the lab.

Despite retirement in 1939 Landsteiner still searched for his X factors, and Wiener looked for human blood similarities in his ape work. Of the two men, Wiener had more familiarity with apes and monkeys. Wiener named the discovery the Rh factor in honor of the Rhesus blood donor. The Rh factor gave Landsteiner et all, one more tool to use in establishing blood profiles to characterize human blood. For years, both Landsteiner and Wiener referred to their discovery as the monkey-rabbit-human experiment.(7)

Landsteiner wrote in his Rockefeller report April 13, 1940: "In collaboration with Wiener it has now been found that such {rabbit anti-rhesus sera} may also contain antibodies reacting with an unknown antigen, tentatively designated as Rh, present in human blood in about 80% of individuals." (3)

The poor rabbit did all the work and doesn't get to share in the fame and glory, does it? What so many people tend to forget is that a new and important blood test was discovered.

In conclusion, Landsteiner, in his own words, called the name "Rh" tentative. (1) He was well aware of the evolution corollary and wanted to avoid his blood test being connected to it for obvious reasons still in existance today. I hope the reader understands it could have been called X factor or KL factor just as easily as it was called Rh factor. Wiener had a "gift of words" and he understood that naming something gave it importance. In fact, the name was changed in 1982. (See Dictionary for explanation-LW) and their discovery Rh factor is now called LW after them. I will explain later that when non-scientific people use Rh factor, most are referring to the tests done by Landsteiner and Wiener because of the rhesus monkey, but doctors are referring to a another blood system that absolutely does not have one thing in common with a rhesus monkey! This is another reason you're confused. I will explain why in the next article: Blood Feud.

I think it's clear that Landsteiner considered changing the name Rh factor because the monkey connection was misleading, but died before doing so. But please note even he called it rabbit anti-rhesus sera in his annual report. For the record, I hope I've changed some minds about the so-called proof that Rhd blood types have nothing in common with monkeys. Wiener proved 78 years ago, that humans shared M antigens with monkeys. Both RhD and Rhd. Owen states clearly that both RhD and Rhd tested positive using the guinea pig antibody test described above.

Finally, scientists report that no matter how potent they make the dose human antibodies from all blood types do not clump Rhesus monkey cells.(2) I think it's time to put the monkey business myths to bed, don't you?

mostly this seems to be an ad for prevention articles..but some good info can always be found


http://www.msn.com/en-us/health/wellness/80-things-your-body-says-about-you/ss-BBmaLz5
80 Things Your Body Says About You
Prevention
8/27/2015


5 New Things Your Blood Type Says About You
There's a lot your blood can say about you . . . and a lot it can't. Search the web, and you'll dig up articles tying one of the four major blood types (A, B, AB, O) to everything from diet dos and don'ts to partner compatibility. But there's just not a lot of research to back up those claims.

On the other hand, some solid research has linked different blood types to higher rates of certain diseases. (Read more about those in Things Your Blood Type Says About You.) http://www.prevention.com/health/blood-type-and-disease-risk

And there are other, subtler ways your blood may affect your life:

1. Your allure for mosquitoes
People with blood type O may be up to twice as likely to attract certain species of mosquitoes than people with other blood types, finds a study from Japan's Institute of Pest Control Technology. But it's not all bad news for O's: Other research shows you're less likely to suffer from the deadliest forms of malaria—a disease transmitted by mosquitoes—possibly because deadly malarial proteins don't stick to type O blood cells the way they do to other types. (Check out these 8 plants that repel mosquitoes naturally.)http://www.prevention.com/health/how-grow-mosquito-repellent-garden



2. The bacteria in your gut
People can't stop talking about probiotics, gut microbes, and the many ways the bacteria living in your digestive system may influence your health. A few years ago, European researchers found the species of bacteria in people's intestines tend to break down into three distinct categories. The researchers hypothesized—but didn't prove—that this might be based on a person's blood type.

Since then, a separate team from Finland found correlations between blood types and specific strains of gut bacteria. http://www.prevention.com/health/bad-habits-harming-your-gut-microbiome

The implications of this are pretty huge; if a doctor could predict what strains of bacteria inhabit your gut based on your blood type, she could potentially make more accurate diet and treatment recommendations—though the Finnish study authors are quick to say lots of follow-up research is needed.

3. Your risk for alcoholism
Several older studies—we're talking 1970s and '80s—found weak associations between blood type A and higher rates of alcoholism. More research has linked specific blood components called antigens to the disease. These studies suggest type A antigens may alter your immune system's reaction to alcohol in ways that affect intoxication. Also, genetic factors make up about 50% of your risk for alcoholism, according to the National Institutes of Health. All of this suggests biology plays a role in your risk, though specifics are murky.

4. Your struggle with stress
Studies have tied elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol to everything from rapid aging to junk food cravings. Long-term elevations in your body's cortisol levels—the type of elevation linked to chronic stress—may be particularly harmful, research suggests. That may be bad news for type O's. A study from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs indicates O's cortisol levels may remain elevated longer than other blood types following a stressful event.

http://www.prevention.com/mind-body/emotional-health/stress-aging-connection/

http://www.prevention.com/weight-loss/weight-loss-tips/how-stop-food-cravings-and-overeating



5. You're persistent (uh, maybe even obsessive?) tendencies
People with blood type A may be more likely to have obsessive-compulsive disorders and behaviors, according to a study in the journal Neuropsychobiology. While some follow up research failed to find a correlation between OCD behaviors and specific blood types, a new study from Japanese researchers did find a correlation between blood type A and "persistence," which the authors define as "industriousness, diligence and stability despite frustration and fatigue."

while re-reading this I looked for an answer to Z question in reply #11  about donors blood in a transfusion..interesting


http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/donor-blood-transfustion/


Health   

Michelle N. Gong, an assistant professor at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, explains

January 23, 2009


Studies have shown that donor DNA in blood transfusion recipients persists for a number of days, sometimes longer, but its presence is unlikely to alter genetic tests significantly. Red blood cells, the primary component in transfusions, have no nucleus and no DNA. Transfused blood does, however, host a significant amount of DNA-containing white blood cells, or leukocytes—around a billion cells per unit (roughly one pint) of blood. Even blood components that have been filtered to remove donor white cells can have millions of leukocytes per unit.

Investigators have detected donor DNA after transfusion with a process called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that amplifies minuscule amounts of genetic material for detection and identification of specific genes. Studies using PCR to amplify male genes in female recipients of transfusions from male donors have demonstrated that donor DNA endures in recipients for up to seven days. And a study of female trauma patients receiving large transfusions showed the presence of donor leukocytes for up to a year and a half.

All these results, however, were found using very sensitive techniques whereby donor DNA was selectively amplified over the more plentiful recipient DNA. In studies where genes common to both donors and recipients were amplified, the results reflected the dominance of the transfusion recipient's own DNA, showing the donor's DNA to be a relatively inconsequential interloper.

Note: This question was submitted by W. McFarland, Winter Springs, Fla. and printed in the February 2009 issue of Scientific American


  .....................................

http://mentalfloss.com/article/27516/what-happens-donors-dna-blood-transfusion

Matt Soniak          Apr 15, 2011

What Happens to a Donor's DNA in a Blood Transfusion?
Reader Cathy wrote in wondering what becomes of a donor's DNA once it gets inside another person during a blood transfusion.

Most of the time, the answer is nothing, because the donor's DNA never makes the trip to a new home. Modern transfusions typically use only certain components of blood (i.e. red and white blood cells, plasma or platelets), and most of the transfusions done these days use what's called packed red blood cells (erythrocytes). These are red blood cells that have been separated from "whole blood." They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells throughout the body and are typically used to restore oxygen carrying capacities to the blood of anemics. The cells don't contain any DNA, though, because they lose their nuclei when they mature.

Some blood transfusions do involve the "donation" of DNA, though. Certain transfusions use white blood cells (leukocytes), which are involved in defending the body against infections, diseases and foreign materials—and do contain DNA. Others use whole blood, and every component is transfused. Typically, transfused nucleated cells reach the end of their lifespan in about three to four weeks and are then removed from circulation by the spleen, taking the donor's DNA with them. In some of these cases involving large transfusions, though, the donor's DNA has been detected in recipients for up to a year and a half.

For more on blood transfusions, check out Holly Tucker's Blood Work, about the history and science of the earliest blood transfusions and the murder, politics and intrigue that surrounded them.


........................................

http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/04/transplanttransfusion-donors-dna-get-integrated-new-host/

In a Transplant/Transfusion, Does the Donor's DNA Get Integrated Into the New Host?

April 3, 2014

Matt asks: In an organ or blood transplant/transfusion, does the donor's DNA get kept and integrated into the new host?

blood-bagDepending on the type of donation, the DNA stays for a short time, a long while, or maybe even forever.

Chimerism and Microchimerism

Scientists have known for years that a single organism can have cells that are genetically distinct. Sometimes, this occurs because two sets of fertilized eggs fuse into a single organism that retains both cell lines. This resulting chimera may:
Depending on the type of donation, the DNA stays for a short time, a long while, or maybe even forever.

Chimerism and Microchimerism

Scientists have known for years that a single organism can have cells that are genetically distinct. Sometimes, this occurs because two sets of fertilized eggs fuse into a single organism that retains both cell lines. This resulting chimera may:




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Have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosomes and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes. This has occurred in humans . . .

Such as the 52 year-old woman who discovered she was a chimera when genetic testing (to find a suitable match for a kidney transplant) falsely found:


She was not the mother of two of her three biological children. It turned out that she had originated from two genomes. One genome gave rise to her blood and some of her eggs; other eggs carried a separate genome.

Other less dramatic chimeras result from the sharing of smaller amounts of genetic material. Called microchimerism, it can occur during gestation, where the resulting child retains, at least for awhile, some cells that are "genetically identical to their mothers'." Their mothers are equally affected:


After a baby is born, it may leave some fetal cells behind in its mother's body, where they can travel to different organs and be absorbed into those tissues. "It's pretty likely that any woman who has been pregnant is a chimera . . . . "

Given the relative ease with which genetic material can be shared within one organism, and transferred during periods of close contact, it should come as no surprise that microchimerism can occur pursuant to blood transfusions, and organ and tissue transplantations.

Blood Transfusions

Comprised of four major components – plasma, platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells – in the blood, only white blood cells have a nucleus, and therefore, only white blood cells contain nuclear DNA.

After blood is donated, the major components are separated, and some experts think very little DNA is passed during transfusions:


Most of the blood donations that you think about would be packed with red blood cells . . . . You only give [in a transfusion] white cells if people are white cell deficient . . . [like] after chemotherapy. So most of the donations would not probably contain very much DNA at all.

Others disagree and note that:


Transfused blood does . . . host a significant amount of DNA-containing white blood cells, or leukocytes – around a billion cells per unit . . . . Even blood components that have been filtered to remove donor white cells can have millions of leukocytes per unit.

These scientists aver that, with highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing:


Miniscule amounts of genetic material [is amplified] for detection and . . . studies using PCR to amplify male genes in female recipients of transfusions from male donors have demonstrated that donor DNA endures in recipients up to seven days. And a study of female trauma patients receiving large transfusions showed the presence of donor leukocytes for up to a year and a half.

It is unclear if these trauma patients received transfusions that included white blood cells. Regardless, it must be noted that: "the recipient's own DNA [remained dominant and] the donor's DNA [was] a relatively inconsequential interloper."

Organ Transplantations

In a 2005 study, donor DNA was found in the recipients of certain vascular organ transplants, and the study's authors opined that this occurred through a couple of mechanisms.

First, passenger cells that tagged along during the procedure were shed by the transplanted organ, and then:


Migrate[d] to recipient lymphoid tissues [lymph nodes, spleen, etc.] and produced microchimerism. These cells lysed [broken down] by recipient cytotoxic cells released cellular organelles into the recipient's circulation.

Second, other causes including "immune rejection of the transplanted organ" caused:


Destructive changes in . . . cells. Fragments of disintegrated cellular organelles . . . [were absorbed] by recipient scavenger cells . . . . [and] some fragments were incorporated into dendritic cells [DC] and processed.

The study's author's concluded that:


Donor DNA fragments could be detected in recipient tissue at high levels for periods as long as 30 days . . . . We speculate that donor DNA fragments in recipient DC may play a role in the immunization/tolerance process to allogeneic [the donor's] antigens. . . .

Bone Marrow Transplants and Stem Cells

Used to treat conditions like aplastic anemia, leukemia, immune deficiencies, and lymphoma, a bone marrow transplant happens pretty much like it sounds:


A doctor first destroys a patient's blood cells or bone marrow . . . often done with chemotherapy or radiation. The doctor then puts in new bone marrow from a matched donor . . . .

Prior to these "high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatments," bone marrow stem cells may be removed from the recipient (autologous bone marrow). Otherwise, it is obtained from a well-matched donor (allogenic bone marrow) or taken from the umbilical cord of a newborn (umbilical cord blood).

After the treatments, stem cells are transplanted intravenously in a process called hematopoietic [blood making] stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Since blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, the blood of a recipient of an allogenic bone marrow transplant will have the donor's DNA. This condition has produced some unintended consequences, such as false identification.

For example, in 2005, an investigation into a sexual assault produced a positive match with a person who could not possibly have committed the assault since he was incarcerated at the time of the attack. Eventually, the investigators realized:


That the person who was in jail received bone marrow from his brother several years earlier. So, his blood DNA profile was the same as his brother's . . . . But his cheek swab DNA profile was different from his brother's . . . .

Research conducted in 2007 revealed that bone marrow donor DNA could migrate even further and later turn up in cells that had nothing to do with making blood:


In 9 of 21 cases, donor-derived [DNA] were detected in [recipient] DNA samples of fingernails that shared from 8.9% and 72.9% of total peak areas . . . . [This] stable contribution of donor-derived DNA in nails suggested the existence of donor-derived cells in the stem-cell system of nails.

Likewise, in a 2008 study researchers found that:


All HSCT recipients [studied] exhibited high amounts of donor-derived DNA in buffy coat and plasma samples. Male donor-derived DNA was detected in . . . urine samples from all 5 female sex-mismatched HSCT recipients. . . . Coincidentally, donor-derived cytokeratin-producing epithelial cells were discovered in urine samples from 3 of 10 sex-mismatched HSCT recipients as long as 14.2 years after transplantation.

The presence of donor DNA in epithelial cells is remarkable, in no small part due to the fact that these cells are the most prolific in the human body. In fact, epithelial cells are found lining the body's cavities and most of its organs, covering its flat surfaces, in its ducts and glands, and comprising its skin. Recently some scientists have opined that the migration of donor DNA may have long-term, lasting ill-effects:


The incorporation of the foreign DNA into the host genome could result in physical rearrangements at the site of integration, including point mutations, deletions, interruptions of coding sequences and chromosomal breakages. This "inappropriate" illegitimate integration of donor DNA in epithelial cells after allogeneic HCT may [result in] . . . genomic instability in the epithelium and may have implications in the development of secondary cancers.

If you liked this article, you might also enjoy subscribing to our new Daily Knowledge YouTube channel, as well as:
?All humans can be traced back to a single female known as Mitochondrial Eve
?What Does a Pap Smear Tell the Doctor?


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNDVjl5ApRY

Wait until the donor eats an abundance of GMOs. Now you got quite a cocktail.

I have donated blood over 70 times and not once has there ever been a complaint from the end user.

When I was little, my older relatives told this story about 'some other relative' who developed an allergy to poison ivy after receiving a blood transfusion.  Of course the conciseness was the blood donor was allergic to poison ivy and passed it on to the patient.

Quote from: SerpUkhovian on April 23, 2016, 12:53:08 AM
I have donated blood over 70 times and not once has there ever been a complaint from the end user.

Do the "end users" know who donated the blood?

  some odds and ends on transfusions

http://www.aabb.org/tm/donation/Pages/bdprocess.aspx


Before You Donate
To donate blood, find a blood bank near you using AABB's blood bank locator. Then, call the blood bank to make an appointment. When making the appointment, ask the following questions:

What are your general donor requirements? (Most places require you to weigh a minimum of 110 pounds, be at least 16 years old and be generally healthy).

What kind of identification is required? (First-time donors are usually asked to present two forms of identification—the type of identification needed varies by facility).
If you have any particular health concerns or have traveled outside of the country, it's also a good idea to inform the blood bank at the time you are making your appointment.

When You Arrive at the Blood Donation Center
When you sign in, you will be asked to complete a donor registration form, which includes your name, address, phone number, and various other types of demographic information.
You will also be asked to show your donor card or the type of identification required by the particular blood bank you visit.

Pre-Donation Screening
During pre-donation screening, a blood bank employee will ask you some questions about your health, lifestyle, and disease risk factors. All of this information is confidential.
Next, an employee will perform a short health exam, taking your pulse, temperature and blood pressure.

A drop of blood from your finger will also be tested to ensure that your blood iron level is sufficient for you to donate. All medical equipment used for this test, as well as during the donation process, is sterile, used only once and then disposed.

Blood Donation
Once the pre-donation screening is finished, you will proceed to a donor bed where your arm will be cleaned with an antiseptic, and a professional will use a blood donation kit to draw blood from a vein in your arm. If you are allergic to iodine, be sure to tell the phlebotomist at this point.
During the donation process, you will donate one unit of blood; this takes about six to ten minutes.

Post-Donation
Following your donation, you will receive refreshments in the canteen area, where you can stay until you feel strong enough to leave.
After donating, it is recommended that you increase your fluid intake for the next 24 to 48 hours; avoid strenuous physical exertion, heavy lifting or pulling with the donation arm for about five hours; and eat well balanced meals for the next 24 hours. After donating, smoking and alcohol consumption is not recommended.

Although donors seldom experience discomfort after donating, if you feel light-headed, lie down until the feeling passes. If some bleeding occurs after removal of the bandage, apply pressure to the site and raise your arm for three to five minutes. If bruising or bleeding appears under the skin, apply a cold pack periodically to the bruised area during the first 24 hours, then warm, moist heat intermittently.

If you have any questions concerning your donation or experience any unexpected problems, please call the center where you donated blood.

....................................

People also ask
How long do you have to wait to give blood?
You must wait at least eight weeks (56 days) between donations of whole blood and 16 weeks (112 days) between double red cell donations. Platelet apheresis donors may give every 7 days up to 24 times per year. Regulations are different for those giving blood for themselves (autologous donors).
Blood Donation Frequently Asked Questions | American Red Cross
m.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/donation-faqs
Search for: How long do you have to wait to give blood?
Can you donate blood if you have tattoos?

.......................

ok this one is scary.. a person cutting your hair has to have a health license but in some states  anyone can draw pictures on you with  ink from who knows where and using needles  YIKES

http://www.redcrossblood.org/news/indianaohio/special-blood-drive-highlights-donor-eligibility-changes-affecting-people-new-tatto


Regulations on blood donation and tattoos are related to concerns about the potential spread of hepatitis. In the past, a person who received a tattoo had to wait 12 months before being eligible to donate blood. More recently however, many states, including Indiana, began regulating tattoo establishments by requiring them to be licensed. Today, someone receiving a tattoo could still be eligible to donate blood if the tattoo was applied in a state that regulates tattoo facilities. Currently, the only states that do not regulate tattoo facilities are: Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah, Wyoming and the District of Columbia.


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http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/blood-transfusion/basics/definition/prc-20021256
Definition
By Mayo Clinic Staff
A blood transfusion is a routine medical procedure that can be lifesaving. During a blood transfusion, donated blood is added to your own blood. A blood transfusion may also be done to supplement various components of your blood with donated blood products. In some cases, a blood transfusion is done with blood that you've donated ahead of time before you undergo elective surgery.

During a typical blood transfusion, certain parts of blood are delivered through an intravenous (IV) line that's placed in one of the veins in your arm. A blood transfusion usually takes one to four hours, though in an emergency it can be done much faster.

A blood transfusion boosts blood levels that are low, either because your body isn't making enough or you've lost blood owing to surgery, injury or disease.

Why it's done
..................................................

Advantages/disadvantages of direct blood transfusion - Absolute Write
absolutewrite.com/.../showthread.php?...direct-blood-tran...
Absolute Write
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Dec 10, 2010 - He's going to get a transfusion from a crew mate, but I'm not sure if they should be hooked up directly (the blood going straight from one person

My sister once asked and was told she couldn't donate blood because she had hydrocephalus and to operate the doctors had to cut the membranes that protect the brain.

Quote from: ArMaP on April 23, 2016, 05:08:18 PM
Do the "end users" know who donated the blood?

Usually the patients receiving the blood have no idea where the blood came from.  The blood donation facilities I have been using (Red Cross and Blood One) have a way to designate where the blood is to be used.  For example the blood can go to a relative who is having an operation.

another interesting tidbit of info on rare types

http://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/6-things-you-didnt-know-about-your-blood-type/ss-BBth8GW

Medical Daily
Ed Cara
1 day ago


THE RAREST OF THEM ALL
For something so intrinsically a part of us, it seems there's plenty we're in the dark about when it comes to our blood type. Indeed, according to various surveys, anywhere from 35 to 50 percent of people in the Western world just plain don't know what their type even is.

That's why we here at Medical Daily have decided to pull back the curtain and lay down some interesting factoids about blood types and their continuing, if sometimes overexaggerated, importance to our lasting health.

Click through the slideshow to check them out.

You may have heard that the AB type is the rarest around, and that's true when only looking at the eight different combinations of A, B, O, and D+ or D-. The percentages shift a bit depending on the ethnic group you're looking at, but according to the Stanford School of Medicine, 0.6 percent of the general population have the AB- type.

As mentioned before, though, there are lots of antigens our blood cells are capable of sporting. And while we largely share many common combinations, there are people who possess extremely rare ones.
Case in point, a man only identified as Thomas who was profiled by Mosaic in 2014.
http://mosaicscience.com/story/man-golden-blood
His blood is special not for the antigens he possesses, but the ones he doesn't — namely all the antigens in the Rhesus group. That fact makes him one of 40 known people to have a Rh null type in the world, and one of six known donors.

But while his blood allows him to be an universal donor for anyone else with a rare RH type, it also means that, should he ever need donated blood, he would only be able to use Rh null blood, either from his own stored supply or from the other five members of his exclusive club.


AN INCOMPATIBILITY PROBLEM
Speaking of the RH type, the compatibility problem outlined in the first slide is more complicated when it comes to antigens.

Unlike the ABO group, people who are negative for the D or other RH antigens aren't automatically unable to tolerate blood containing them. It's only after exposure to RH+ blood that their body begins producing antibodies to the antigens, and that doesn't always happen. That means a person with RH- blood could theoretically receive RH+ blood without having it rejected by their body, at least the first time around. Because of how potentially dangerous that scenario could be, though, that's almost never considered an option.

A much more common situation is when a RH- mother gives birth to a child with RH+ blood. If it's the first time, there's no trouble at all, but if it's the second time, or the mother had somehow received donated RH+ blood before, there's a chance the mother has developed antibodies that can pass through the placenta and attack the fetus' blood cells, resulting in a condition called hemolytic disease of the newborn. This can also happen with babies who are incompatible with their mother's ABO type, but it's usually very mild and much rarer.

Thankfully, RH incompatibility can usually be prevented with drugs or unique antibodies that knock out the mother's ability to ever form RH antibodies in the first place.

HE PERSONALITY MYTH
At the beginning of this piece I mentioned that a surprisingly good number of people are unaware of their blood type. But that's really only true in Europe and the United States. In Japan, blood type is as crucial to your identity as your hair color or ability to hum show tunes gracefully.

The existence of the ABO blood group was first uncovered at the turn of the 20th century. Soon after, in 1927, a Tokyo professor named Takeji Furukawa published a paper that speculated that our blood types could also predict our personality traits. Though it soon faded from the public view, it was revived with much greater fanfare by author and journalist Masahiko Nomi in the 1970s. And to this day, Japanese celebs and citizens alike turn to their blood types in order to gain insight into their innermost workings and to figure out whether that special guy or gal is truly compatible with them.

Though isolated support for such a link pops up now and then — even recently — the overwhelming majority of research places it firmly in the junk bin of science, right next to using the shape of our heads to figure out whether we're destined to be criminals.


THE DIET MYTH
Lest you mock Japan for their seemingly bizarre fascination, the crank science surrounding blood types isn't isolated to one corner of the world.

In 1996, an American author and naturopath by the name of Peter J. D'Adamo released the book Eat Right 4 Your Type. That started off an impressive — if poorly spelled — franchise of guides on how to tie every single health decision you make to your blood type. Taking things one step further, he even released a diet book catered to a person's "genotype," a particularly catchy and completely meaningless buzzword that apparently describes our genetic destiny.

In the original book and his revisions since, D'Adamo advocates for a personalized diet depending on a person's blood type, such that someone with type O blood should only eat a high-protein diet obtained mostly from meat, fish, and poultry, while someone with type A should do the opposite and avoid all meat.

Suffice to say, there's even less science backing up any of D'Adamo's claims than there is with the personality link, particularly when it comes to improving our health or preventing disease. Not that you would know that from listening to respected household names like Dr. Memhet Oz, mind you.

SOME HEALTH RISKS INCLUDED

Snark aside, it isn't fair to say that our blood type is completely meaningless to our overall health. Research has consistently shown that our ABO type can be a risk factor for certain diseases.

For reasons we're still not sure of, people who don't have type O blood generally have higher levels of the proteins responsible for controlling our bleeding, called clotting factors. While these proteins help us heal more quickly from a skinned knee, they also place us at greater risk of getting unnecessary clots in unwanted places, such as the deep veins of our legs.

Sometimes the clots can even break off and travel elsewhere, a particularly dangerous condition called venous thromboembolism. And sure enough, people without type O blood are about twice as likely to develop it.

Other recent research has found a similar connection between blood types other than type O and cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. According to a 2015 review, nearly 6 percent of total deaths, including 9 percent of deaths caused by cardiovascular disease, could be chalked up to simply not having type O blood.

Though there's a lot of science left to be done in untangling the relationship between blood type and health, it's apparent that we haven't come close to understanding everything there is to know about the very essence of life.


had some trouble getting this here lots of embeds  in the article for those interested

The Rh-Negative Registry - Theory: The Basque History of the World

... Basques have the highest concentration of type O in the world-more than 50 percent of the population-with an even higher percentage in remote areas where the language is best preserved, such as Soule. Most of the rest are type A.

Type B is extremely rare among Basques. With the finding that Irish, Scots, Corsicans, and Cretans also have an unusually high incidence of type O, speculation ran wild that these peoples were somehow related to Basques.

But then, in 1937, came the discovery of the rhesus factor, more commonly known as Rh positive or Rh negative. Basques were found to have the highest incidence of Rh negative blood of any people in the world, significantly higher than the rest of Europe, even significantly higher than neighboring regions of France and Spain.

Cro-Magnon theorists point out that other places known to have been occupied by Cro-Magnon man, such as the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and the Canary Islands, also have been found to have a high incidence of Rh negative....

http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/the-basque-history-of-the-world-rh-negative-origin.html (http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/the-basque-history-of-the-world-rh-negative-origin.html)



RH NEGATIVE: THE UNTRACEABLE BLOOD

(https://img.gtvcdn.com/cdn/farfuture/ncOMEWvGVRu6Ota2McTX1BeWizqhOeRvJS6Bx1Dift4/mtime%3A1474612895/sites/default/files/imagecache/keyart_820x461/article_main_image/rh-negative-blood-abducted-by-aliens.jpg)

RH NEGATIVE BLOOD + ABDUCTED BY ALIENS

...In the continued search for the origin of mankind and our first ancestors, incomplete data leave gaps in the path tracing our genetic lineage back through history.

According to the evolutionists, our ancestry can be traced back through mutations in our DNA caused by our environmental surroundings and adaptation to changes for survival – a gradual improvement over millions of years from ape to Homo sapiens.

According to creationists, some powerful, all-knowing, outside being or force invented us instantaneously and directed our lives – we are as we were at inception, from the first human being up till now.

But what if the answer is a combination of both?...

https://www.gaia.com/article/rh-negative-blood-abducted-aliens (https://www.gaia.com/article/rh-negative-blood-abducted-aliens)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpPmPYWN8aw

watching this now and going.. wow look at her eyes when she faces the camera

They're contacts. You can get pretty much any kind of weird lens you want.

See Charles Dance in "Last Action Hero".

Quote from: A51Watcher on March 12, 2017, 07:59:00 AM

The Rh-Negative Registry - Theory: The Basque History of the World

... Basques have the highest concentration of type O in the world-more than 50 percent of the population-with an even higher percentage in remote areas where the language is best preserved, such as Soule. Most of the rest are type A.

Type B is extremely rare among Basques. With the finding that Irish, Scots, Corsicans, and Cretans also have an unusually high incidence of type O, speculation ran wild that these peoples were somehow related to Basques.

But then, in 1937, came the discovery of the rhesus factor, more commonly known as Rh positive or Rh negative. Basques were found to have the highest incidence of Rh negative blood of any people in the world, significantly higher than the rest of Europe, even significantly higher than neighboring regions of France and Spain.

Cro-Magnon theorists point out that other places known to have been occupied by Cro-Magnon man, such as the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and the Canary Islands, also have been found to have a high incidence of Rh negative....

http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/the-basque-history-of-the-world-rh-negative-origin.html (http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/the-basque-history-of-the-world-rh-negative-origin.html)



RH NEGATIVE: THE UNTRACEABLE BLOOD

(https://img.gtvcdn.com/cdn/farfuture/ncOMEWvGVRu6Ota2McTX1BeWizqhOeRvJS6Bx1Dift4/mtime%3A1474612895/sites/default/files/imagecache/keyart_820x461/article_main_image/rh-negative-blood-abducted-by-aliens.jpg)

RH NEGATIVE BLOOD + ABDUCTED BY ALIENS

...In the continued search for the origin of mankind and our first ancestors, incomplete data leave gaps in the path tracing our genetic lineage back through history.

According to the evolutionists, our ancestry can be traced back through mutations in our DNA caused by our environmental surroundings and adaptation to changes for survival – a gradual improvement over millions of years from ape to Homo sapiens.

According to creationists, some powerful, all-knowing, outside being or force invented us instantaneously and directed our lives – we are as we were at inception, from the first human being up till now.

But what if the answer is a combination of both?...

https://www.gaia.com/article/rh-negative-blood-abducted-aliens (https://www.gaia.com/article/rh-negative-blood-abducted-aliens)

I'm A negative, so are my sons, we get it from my father's line who is Scottish.  He was born and bred in Leith, Scotland.  Met and married mum down here.

Vatican Accepts Payment in Blood to Access Museums

by THOMAS D. WILLIAMS, PH.D.15 Apr 2017
http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2017/04/15/vatican-accepts-payment-blood-access-museums/

Along with Visa, Mastercard, and cash, visitors wishing to access the Vatican Museums now have the option of paying in blood.
"Without blood, there is no life. Without art, life would be empty and sad," said Barbara Jatta, director of the Vatican Museums.

The Museums recently announced that blood donors will receive a voucher toward an entry ticket to the Vatican Museums. The new blood "payment plan," with the slogan "Give blood and follow your artistic inclination," is the product of a partnership between Rome's Gemelli University Hospital and the blood donor group "Francesco Olgiati," together with the Vatican Museums.

Yet blood donors should not think they will get into the Museums on the cheap. While an adult ticket to the Vatican Museums currently costs 16 euros, donors will receive a voucher for four euros each time they give blood. This means that donors must give blood four times if they wish to access the Museums for free.

Moreover, since a donor typically gives a pint of blood per session, it will cost blood-givers nearly two liters of blood—34 percent of the body's total blood supply—to gaze upon the Laocoon, the Apollo Belvedere, or Michelangelo's Last Judgment for free.

Even with the use of just one four-euro voucher, however, visitors may pay the remainder of their ticket fee without waiting in line—which is itself a huge benefit when queues can literally wrap around the block.

Gemelli University Hospital reportedly coordinates the distribution of more than 17,000 units of blood and blood components each year, which are used for treating patients with a variety of conditions.

Projects like these allow the Vatican Museums to be "a living cultural institution, an integral part of the social fabric," Jatta said, "just as Pope Francis has hoped."

"We hope that many will take advantage of this opportunity: it benefits both themselves and others," Jatta said of the promotional program that lasts through December 31, 2017.

Follow Thomas D. Williams on Twitter

Knowing the Vatican as I do I am wondering what they use that blood for Otter,
do they get it blood typed or just take anything and give to Who.  Shivers....

Ancestry.com is owned and operated by the Mormon Church. They have for decades collected geneology info on everyone

Now they are advertising on TV daily to send them your DNA "so they can better trace your ancestry"

Now then  what is up with that?

::)

8)

Quote from: zorgon on April 17, 2017, 12:06:39 AM
Ancestry.com is owned and operated by the Mormon Church. They have for decades collected geneology info on everyone

Now they are advertising on TV daily to send them your DNA "so they can better trace your ancestry"

Now then  what is up with that?

::)


8)

Yeah for a change I actually knew that; found out a little while ago when I was looking into it.  But I'm not a fan of them and quite a few others.

Oh no dumbass did it again, I go down after the last quote thingy, sorry Zorgon. xxoo

https://www.quora.com/How-is-Ancestry-com-affiliated-with-the-Mormon-Church


pieces from this link


It is a publicly traded company, meaning you can own a part of it.  Ancestry was started in Provo, UT by Paul Allen, who is on Quora.  He surely dug family history research because he's Mormon, surely most people who worked there were Mormon, and his basing the company in a city that is 89% Mormon has surely been a major contributor to its success.  But Ancestry is not a subsidiary of the church.






Ancestry is now owned by several world wide investment companies. Permira bought it out several years ago, they are an global investment firm in Great Britian. They have since sold majority holdings to GIC and Silver Lake Investments 2 more global investment companies. These companies invest in a wide range of businesses, so Ancestry isn't their main investment and it is starting to show. They have no interest in Genealogy, they just like making lots of money from us. Familysearch results do now come up on Ancestry and there is sharing, but Ancestry is not owned by the church.

They continue to buy up every free or reasonable genealogy site and charging us for them. They don't combine them, you have to pay extra for Fold3, archives.com, Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s etc. The only one that is still free, at least for now is find-a-grave.com, but they own it so I am sure it will eventually cost us to use that too. They used to compete with genealogy . com but they bought it out and ran it as a separate company charging for both, and for years they split the census etc. between them so you had to pay for both to get all records, they finally joined them a couple of years ago, then raised the price again for their service. When I started with ancestry in 1998 or so it was less than $100 a year, now it is 3 times that and more if you want access to their records from outside the USA and for any of the other companies they own. Since they changed the interface of it, get used to having pages come up with error messages or other pages that aren't what you are looking for. For some reason yesterday I would get the first page of normal entries then I got a page where you had to check records you wanted to search, even though I checked all and put in specific places they lived, I got choices from all over the world, not sure where that came from but, no matter how many times I tried, I would get the first page of results then that other page would come up when you tried to go to page 2.



......

Ancestry sold for 1.6 billion in 2012: From selling floppy disks from their car to record breaking website: Ancestry.com agrees to $1.6 billion buyout, making multi-millionaires of its execs

.................................................


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com

Ancestry.com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States and nine foreign countries.[4] As of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories.[5]
Ancestry's brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives.com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers.com, and Rootsweb.[6]
Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry.com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and records specific to other countries in the languages of those countries. These include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia (covered by Ancestry Information Operations Company).[7]



.................................



Genealogy's Star: Who owns the genealogy companies?
genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2010/05/who-owns-genealogy-companies.html
May 12, 2010 - [11] The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue, which showed a newly ...
Ancestry.com agrees to $1.6 billion buyout, making multi-millionaires ...

www.dailymail.co.uk/.../Ancestry-com-agrees-1-6-billion-buyout-making-multi-milli...
Oct 22, 2012 - Fast forward 20 years and their next venture, Ancestry.com, would be ... officer Howard Hochhauser and Spectrum Equity, which owns about 30 ...
Who Owns What in the Genealogy World? - Genealogy & History News

www.gouldgenealogy.com/2014/12/who-owns-what-in-the-genealogy-world/
Dec 27, 2014 - Ancestry.com is the largest commercial genealogy company in the world. ... Current list of the websites and products owned by Ancestry.com:
Ancestry.Com Is Quietly Transforming Itself Into ... - The Huffington Post
www.huffingtonpost.com/.../ancestrycom-medical-research-juggernaut_n_7008446.h...

Apr 6, 2015 - Several years later, he founded Ancestry magazine to teach people how they could use public archives and technology — which, back then, ...
Ancestry.com joins forces with LDS owned FamilySearch | Provo ...
www.heraldextra.com/.../ancestry-com...owned.../article_4ce0e3fc-067a-5546-8f00-a...

Sep 6, 2013 - Ancestry.com joins forces with LDS owned FamilySearch. PROVO -- Provo-based Ancestry.com announced Thursday a long-term strategic partnership with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' FamilySearch International.

Quote from: zorgon on April 17, 2017, 12:06:39 AM
Ancestry.com is owned and operated by the Mormon Church. They have for decades collected geneology info on everyone

Now they are advertising on TV daily to send them your DNA "so they can better trace your ancestry"

Now then  what is up with that?

::)

8)

There's an advert on Portuguese radio from a company specialized in diets that says that now they analyse your DNA to better know how your body reacts, so they can create the perfect diet for you.

It looks like getting people's DNA is a new tendency. I wonder what are the contract terms. :)

well Armap you may wonder about the contract terms but i have wondered about who they are looking for

? subjects for ?

(keep hitting the wrong button and have to come back.. sorry for all the edits)

? lineage bearers from the messenger tales ?

  ? supposed hybrids ?

Well, if there's anyone who knows how to draw blood, it's the Vatican.

::)

Very true Irene, I'd love to get into their secret chambers I know they have, and their library, open and closed.

Quote from: biggles on April 17, 2017, 12:46:53 AM
Very true Irene, I'd love to get into their secret chambers I know they have, and their library, open and closed.

Yeah, just think, there are several lifetimes worth of data down there and the biggest tighta**es on the planet are sitting on it.

Biggs here's more info ,,blood is for hospital

http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/donate-blood-get-free-admission-to-the-vatican-museums-30952/

Vatican City, Apr 12, 2017 / 12:29 am (CNA).- A new initiative in Italy will allow blood donors to receive a free ticket to the Vatican Museums.

"Without blood, there is no life. Without art, life would be empty and sad," said Barbara Jatta, director of the Vatican Museums.

The initiative is the product of a partnership between Rome's Gemelli University Hospital and the blood donor group "Francesco Olgiati," in collaboration with the Vatican Museums.

Seeking to encourage the donation of blood, which can be life-saving for patients who need transfusions, the agreement allows people who donate blood to receive a voucher, which is valid for entrance into the Vatican Museums without waiting in line. The vouchers, which are worth 4 euro each, must be used by the end of 2017.

Gemelli University Hospital distributes more than 17,000 units of blood and blood components, which are used in treating patients with a variety of conditions.

Such initiatives, Jatta said, allow the Vatican Museums to be "a living cultural institution, an integral part of the social fabric...just as Pope Francis has hoped."

"We hope that many will take advantage of this opportunity: it benefits both themselves and others."

Tags: Catholic News, Vatican Museums, Blood donations

Thanks Otter.  ;)

I recently canceled a job interview because part of their hiring process was to collect a DNA swab.  That's an invasion if privacy.  I turned down another job, because they said I would have to provide a copy of my prescription for temazepam, because my drug test showed benzodiazepines.  That's between me and my doctor.  I don't need an employer sticking their nose in my business.

Shasta

Quote from: Shasta56 on April 17, 2017, 02:35:14 AM
I recently canceled a job interview because part of their hiring process was to collect a DNA swab.  That's an invasion if privacy.  I turned down another job, because they said I would have to provide a copy of my prescription for temazepam, because my drug test showed benzodiazepines.  That's between me and my doctor.  I don't need an employer sticking their nose in my business.

Shasta

That should not be allowed at all, your not living in a nazi country.

Quote from: Shasta56 on April 17, 2017, 02:35:14 AM
I recently canceled a job interview because part of their hiring process was to collect a DNA swab.  That's an invasion if privacy.  I turned down another job, because they said I would have to provide a copy of my prescription for temazepam, because my drug test showed benzodiazepines.  That's between me and my doctor.  I don't need an employer sticking their nose in my business.

Shasta

In Portugal that's forbidden, any health related tests are considered private information, and although drug tests may be used in some companies the result is considered medical data and only a doctor can know that that data relates to that person, with the related doctor-patient confidentiality.

That's the way it should be done ArMap.

Pretty sure it the same here in Canada, ArMaP, if you can trust them.

Quote from: Shasta56 on April 17, 2017, 02:35:14 AM
I recently canceled a job interview because part of their hiring process was to collect a DNA swab.  That's an invasion if privacy.  I turned down another job, because they said I would have to provide a copy of my prescription for temazepam, because my drug test showed benzodiazepines.  That's between me and my doctor.  I don't need an employer sticking their nose in my business.

Shasta

Wow. Major league HIPPA violation there. You'd win in court.

Shasta that's a good reason to walk but i don't think most folks know just how big of a data bank there is on dna
any time your blood is taken it is now tested and put in the dna thing



https://www.aclu.org/other/newborn-dna-banking

NEWBORN DNA BANKING

The DNA of virtually every newborn in the United States is collected and tested soon after birth. There are some good reasons for this testing, but it also raises serious privacy concerns that parents should know about.

States require hospitals to screen newborns for certain genetic and other disorders. Many states view the testing as so important they do not require medical personnel to get parents' express permission before carrying it out. To collect the DNA sample, medical personnel prick the newborn's heel and place a few drops of blood on a card. There is one question that new parents rarely ask: What happens to the blood spots after the testing is done? This is where newborn screening becomes problematic.

It used to be that after the screening was completed the blood spots were destroyed. Not anymore. Today it is increasingly common for states to hold onto these samples for years, even permanently. Some states also use the samples for unrelated purposes, such as in scientific research, and give access to the samples to others.

The ACLU believes that parents have the right to know before the state stores their child's blood and allows it to be used by researchers and others. The ACLU also believes that parents have the right to decide whether to allow their child's blood to be used in this way. We are working to make sure that every parent is given the opportunity to make these important decisions for their child, and is given enough information to make an educated decision.

>> Read our comments on this issue to the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children.

................................



http://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/01/whos-keeping-your-data-safe-dna-banks-261136.html

THE GOVERNMENT OWNS YOUR DNA. WHAT ARE THEY DOING WITH IT?
BY SUSAN SCUTTI ON 7/24/14 AT 3:50 PM

Thinner than average, with serious, shadowed eyes, Kevin Anderson, 36, has worked as a filmmaker for over 10 years. He's traveled throughout Europe and the Americas producing web and sports videos, news packages and documentary shorts. In his infancy, he was diagnosed with a rare genetic disease, phenylketonuria (commonly referred to as PKU), where the body cannot properly break down protein.
Throughout his life, he has taken medicine and followed a special low-protein diet, but other than these restrictions he enjoys a healthy life. Recently, though, he "stumbled across this video that showed people with undiagnosed PKU." While he had often heard stories about what would happen if he had never treated his condition, "I'd never seen pictures of it, I'd never encountered it myself, so it just wasn't quite real to me," he says. "And when I watched that video.... " He trails off, choking up, pausing until the heartbreak passes. "It just captured me. I had the sudden realization I would have become mentally retarded; I would have been in an institution if it hadn't been for newborn screening.
"Every year, approximately 4 million newborns in the U.S. are screened for congenital disorders, and about 12,500 of these infants are diagnosed with an inherited condition. Many of these disorders (like PKU) can be effectively treated when caught early, allowing an infant to grow and develop normally.
By every account, newborn screening is one of modernity's biggest medical success stories—yet most of us are not familiar with this compelling tale or even know that we most likely have been screened.That's the good news.
The bad news is that we also may not be aware that many states have created biobanks funded by genetic material left over from our screening tests, and, even more surprising, our specimens may be used for purposes we do not fully understand or for which we have not granted informed consent.
Blood SpotsMassachusetts began the original newborn screening program back in 1963 with a test for PKU. Though few babies were found to have the condition, the benefit of an early diagnosis was so great that other states soon instituted screening programs. Once they'd adopted the practice, states expanded their scope and began testing for more conditions.

Ten years ago, 46 states were screening for just six conditions; now all 50 states and the District of Columbia routinely screen newborns for at least 30 genetic conditions, with some states testing for nearly twice that number.Though each state runs its own program, they all begin by collecting a blood spot from the heel of a newborn infant. The sample is analyzed; results are returned.
Commonly, the screening program is first mentioned when a mother has checked into the hospital for delivery, and, generally, the programs are mandatory under state law.That this information comes so late in the game is a "long-standing issue and a controversy to a certain extent in the newborn screening field," says Dr. Jeffrey Botkin of the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children, which advises the Department of Health and Human Services on newborn screening. In the 1960s when the program was first developed, "the feeling was, the advantages for newborn screening were so compelling, it was appropriate or acceptable to have states simply mandate screening," he says.
Now 43 states allow parents to decline the screening process based on religious beliefs or philosophical reasons. Rarely, though, is that option exercised. Some believe the reason is that most parents only hear about the program in the hectic period after a mother in labor enters the hospital.

"These newborn screening DNA databases make a complete mockery of informed consent," Jeremy Gruber, president of the Council for Responsible Genetics, tells Newsweek. "What people also don't know...is that this is the one test that is not done by the hospital or a third party on behalf of the hospital.... It is done by the state department of public health."In most states, blood spots are transferred to long-term-storage banks run by state departments of health, where they are retained for at least a couple of years.
But in 12 states, samples are kept in a biobank for 21 years or longer. That's because, increasingly, health departments are using—and sharing—the genetic information for research and analysis. This practice has accelerated since 2009, when the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded a contract to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) to establish a Newborn Screening Translational Research Network and develop a national repository of newborn DNA "stored by state newborn screening programs and other resources."

Meanwhile California, Iowa, Michigan and New York already participate in a virtual repository, which allows researchers to access data—and in some cases the stored infant blood spots themselves—for their investigations.This expansion of the newborn screening programs will continue to create new opportunities for big research ventures. As DNA sequencing becomes cheaper and more accessible, many predict whole genome sequencing will replace the current blood spot tests. According to ACMG Executive Director Michael S. Watson, the NIH has already awarded research grants to explore the feasibility of integrating whole genome sequencing into newborn screening.


Monetizing the Human GenomeIt has been more than a decade since the human genome was first sequenced, and every week, it seems, there's new research identifying a mutation to predict some dread disease.
It is now understood, for example, that variations of the APoE gene may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and that the BRCA gene mutation may double the risk of breast cancer.In many cases, though, it's still unclear how one genetic mutation might affect a person's health. Scientists will need lots and lots of DNA samples to translate the wealth of information found in any one genome—it is only by comparison that they can understand how, when and which genes matter, separate from the environment.
Current efforts at genetic analysis are plagued by a lot of noise and uncertainty.For instance, 23andMe, a consumer genetics company, will genotype your DNA and provide you with ancestry-related reports and raw data. Previously, 23andMe's reports included odds ratios for certain medical conditions. But in November 2013, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited the company from continuing to sell health reports, as they could not be "analytically or clinically validated." (The FDA's approval process for these reports is ongoing.)

In reality, a health report may just be the most enticing carrot 23andMe was able to dream up in order to get your DNA in its computers. As noted by the authors of an article in The New England Journal of Medicine, "23andMe has...suggested that its longer-range goal is to collect a massive biobank of genetic information that can be used and sold for medical research and could also lead to patentable discoveries."

This characterization is not denied by 23andMe, which tells Newsweek, "The primary mission of our company is to accelerate genetic discovery."The real money, then, isn't selling you a health analysis; it's in using and selling your data for biomedical research.
It's not much different from how Google, Yahoo and Facebook give us search engines, email and social networking for free, only to sell all the information they gather to anyone wishing to market products to us. 23andMe has already conducted research funded by the NIH and collaborated with academic and industry partners. The company offers customers who buy personal genetic reports the option to participate in its wider research program.
Currently, 23andMe stores data from more than 700,000 genotyped customers, and of these, more than 80 percent have not only opted into the research program but have also actively answered survey questions."The way information becomes really valuable is when we can start to look at genetic information and also understand phenotypic data," explains a company representative.
Research looks something like this: After first isolating all their customers who have stated on a survey that they have a particular allergy—say, a cat allergy—a researcher might run a query to see if these customers share some genetic mutation, and with further analysis find out where those variants are located in the DNA. "Those are the things we want to explore," 23andMe says. "But we can only do that if you answer questions." Participation in biomedical research, then, really has two parts: consenting to use of your genetic data and providing your personal information to enhance the value of that data.
The company's privacy policy states it cannot share individual-level data with third parties without a customer's explicit permission. Consent only enables company researchers "to look at the de-identified genetic data in the aggregate," 23andMe says.
The Illusion of Anonymous InformationThe state screening programs and the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network also de-identify newborn baby blood spots before loaning them out to researchers, but so far truly anonymizing DNA has proved impossible."Right now we don't know a way to guarantee anonymity from the technical aspect," says Yaniv Ehrlich, a computational biologist at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Famously, Ehrlich and his colleagues published a paper showing how they discovered the (supposedly hidden) identities of participants in genetic research studies by cross-referencing their data with publicly available information.

A clever academic stunt, sure, but one that also revealed an uncomfortable truth and made many people question the possibility of privacy in the genomic era.Some protections regarding genetic privacy do exist. The Genetic Information and Non-Discrimination Act (GINA), which became law in 2008, prohibits health insurance companies from using genetic information to make eligibility, coverage or premium-setting decisions.
The law also prevents employers from including genetic data in their decisions about hiring, firing and promotions. However, GINA has gaps. For instance, the law does not apply to companies with fewer than 15 employees or the U.S. military.
And it also does not cover long-term care insurance, life insurance or disability insurance; for instance, having discovered you have the BRCA gene that raises your risk for breast cancer, a company can legally deny you a life insurance policy.Botkin argues "there's no motivation" for anyone to re-identify DNA and cross-reference it with public sources. "Why would anyone want to take the time and effort?" he says, adding, that so far "there are no examples of cases in which bio-specimens have been used in an unethical manner leading to individual harm."Watson offers a different perspective on the matter
"It just amazes me what people will put into social network and media about themselves and then be worried about the privacy of the exact same information in another context," he says. "They don't appreciate how easy it is to link across these things." He and his colleagues have built barriers into the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network to prevent anyone from doing "this type of linkage" across databases.Nevertheless, your DNA is a treasure trove of personal information, including your eye and hair color, paternity and health.

Gruber likens it to a file cabinet containing your most secret documents, except with DNA it's more as if you are walking around with these documents and "anyone with the proper tools can now open your filing cabinet and find out about you," he says. The fact is, you shed DNA daily, in countless public places, and though you probably instinctively feel your DNA and sequenced genome is yours, you have no real ownership rights—especially once your DNA has been entered into a biobank.


Who Owns Your DNA?Science magazine drew a very pointed analogy between genetic data banks and money banks in an article published earlier this year. As a bank account holder, you get a receipt when you deposit money. Later, you can access your account, and even terminate your relationship with the bank if you choose. "When we make a deposit to a data bank or biorepository, in contrast, putting our data or specimen into the hands of researchers or clinicians, we lose track of it," the authors write, further noting how "a deposit to a research or clinical repository is a one-way transaction in which we give up most of our agency and control."Currently, the legal right to retain and use dried blood spots is determined by each state.
While Oklahoma prohibits the use of dried blood spots for public health purposes, including research, without express parental consent, four other states declare the spots state property.
Though rules are clear, Pediatrics reported, some states "may be acting outside the scope of their legal authority."Arguably, this was the case in 2008, when five families sued both the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) and Texas A&M University for using stored blood spots for undisclosed research purposes without parental permission. Previously, Texas had destroyed samples soon after newborn screening, but the state changed its rules in 2002 without notifying parents and began donating stored samples to researchers.
In the lawsuit, the Texas Civil Rights Project claimed using blood spots in this way went beyond the purposes of the newborn screening program and violated parents' rights under the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures" by the government. (Texas A&M declined to comment.) The case was settled out of court, with the DSHS required, as part of the agreement, to list on its website all the research projects to which blood spots had been sent.
It came out, then, that the DSHS had loaned blood spots to (and been "appropriately reimbursed" by) pharmaceutical companies, while also lending 800 blood spots to a lab run by the U.S. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology to help get its new forensic database up and running. The 800 spots were used to establish general reference points of variation among different ethnic groups.

A representative explained that the DSHS provided de-identified blood spots "because we believed it was an important research project, and the information we agreed to provide in no way could be linked to a particular person."Nevertheless, once again the Texas Civil Rights Project filed a lawsuit, this time claiming the DSHS acted unlawfully and with deception when it sold, traded and distributed infant blood samples collected without consent between 2003 and 2009.
The judge dismissed the case when none of the families named in the lawsuit were found to have unknowingly contributed to the pathology lab, says James Harrington, the lawyer who represented the families.
However, as a consequence of all the publicity, Texas destroyed millions of samples still stored in its biobank and enacted a new law in 2012 for its newborn screening program. "Now they ask people if they want to opt in, and they have to disclose if they're giving it to someone else, a pharmaceutical company, whatever," Harrington says.Other states may soon be grappling with some of these same issues.

Recently, Indiana learned how its Department of Health has stored blood samples from babies born since 1991 for possible use in medical research, all without parental permission.Botkin says that people are "generally stunned" to learn the states are saving infant blood spots left over from the screen tests.
And yet, when explanations are offered, the use of the blood spots clarified, the research oversight mechanisms explained, people are reassured, and the "vast majority" are supportive of state programs retaining and using specimens.But maybe they shouldn't be.
Currently, there are private commercial data banks, including those run by health care companies; biobanks under the auspices of the NIH, academic and private research institutions; and the FBI's Combined DNA Index System, routinely used for law enforcement purposes. Gruber says as genetic biobanks "become more widespread and the uses for DNA become more common...we're going to start to see more and more bleed-over of these databases.
" Your child's DNA, then, might easily move out of the state newborn databases and into research programs where it might be used for purposes you never intended, or even imagined.  Correction, July 28th, 2014: An earlier version of this article stated that the FDA sent a warning letter too 23andMe in December, 2013. It was actually sent in November of 2013.

As a result, traces of the chemical are commonly found in sources of drinking water. A 2012 study at the University of California at Berkeley found that 87 percent of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of chlorpyrifos.


taken from article listed below

http://www.thelivingmoon.com/forum/index.php?topic=10258.msg135374;topicseen

chemical co vs. the environment

Quote from: space otter on April 21, 2017, 03:48:29 PM



As a result, traces of the chemical are commonly found in sources of drinking water. A 2012 study at the University of California at Berkeley found that 87 percent of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of chlorpyrifos.


taken from article listed below

http://www.thelivingmoon.com/forum/index.php?topic=10258.msg135374;topicseen

chemical co vs. the environment

Doesn't surprise me one iota; their really taking care of everyone aren't they, including the newborns.

Seeker..not enough oxygen




https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081219092720AAgOK1e


Bleeding purple blood?
I got a piece of glass out of my foot this morning and it started bleeding but the blood was purple! Not dark red, it was actually purple! After I cleaned it and put pressure on it it marblized into a bluish colour then went back to red. What just happened?
2 following   11 answers


Best Answer:  Once it gets to your feet, your blood has often given up a lot of the oxygen to other cells on the way down your legs. This means it's not the bright red of blood closer to your heart, with greater oxygen content. Also, it's possible that you cut a vein or the return capillaries rather than an artery or arterial capillaries, which would mean the blood was already a deep purple/blueish before exposed to the air where it could absorb oxygen.
If your foot bled a lot I would suggest stitches because foot injuries can take a long time to heal since the blood flows so slowly. You might also want to make sure it was cleaned out very well so there's no chance of infection.
As far as the 'marbleizing,' I'm not sure what that could mean unless it was simply venous blood mixing with the already exposed blood. If it happens again, talk to a doctor to confirm there's nothing more serious.
Source(s):
I teach CPR/First Aid classes.












https://owlcation.com/stem/Blood-Color-in-Humans-and-Animals-Meaning-and-Function


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18--LFIs-FM

Hmmm, when they checked my blood oxygen level about five minutes before then it was at 100%...

And I wasn't bleeding purple; that was the color as it went into the tube, was very dark purple; the blood that seeped out after she removed the needle was very bright red...

I am planning on asking the doc about it and see what he has to say

Seeker

That's interesting.  xo

Seeker...you aren't color blind are you?....or maybe it's the angle or something

here's another search result....but  when you ask the doc.. please share the answer


https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-blood-change-colors

How does blood change colors?
Jun 15, 2016
Answer:
Blood has two basic colors. Red when enriched with oxygen and blue when enriched with carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
Blood has two basic colors. Red when enriched with oxygen and blue when enriched with carbon dioxide.
The red color comes from the change in color of iron molecules found on hemoglobin.
The variations in the red hue of blood is affected by the amount of iron in the blood, the chemical composition of the blood including salts, proteins and platelets in the blood.
When I was young my dad smashed his thumb in a car door and ruptured a vein below the nail. The blood that was captured under the nail was bright blue in color. When we went to the doctor, the doctor took a paper clip and heated it up. He poked the nail with the hot paper clip to release the pressure of the blood under the nail. The blue blood immediately turned bed as a geyser of blood spouted upward from under the nail.
I will never forget the image of that color transformation. This is the same color change that takes place in the capillaries that surround the alveoli in the lungs as the exchange of Carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place.


i don't think this  actually applies to you but i thought it was interesting

http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/10/28/coloursofblood/

(http://www.compoundchem.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Chemistry-of-Blood-Colours-2015-1024x724.png)


and this is off the wall too soooooooooo..grain of salt  here


https://socratic.org/questions/what-color-of-light-has-the-most-energy

Because violet waves have the shortest wavelength of the visible light spectrum, they carry the most energy.



https://socratic.org/questions/what-color-of-light-has-the-highest-frequency

Therefore violet has the highest frequency and the shortest wavelength of the visible colors of light.


http://physics.tutorvista.com/waves/wavelength-of-light.html

Wavelength of Violet Light : The violet light has a wavelength of about 400 nm. As already discussed the violet and blue which belongs to short wavelength region are more efficiently scattered than other wavelengths. Our eyes are more sensitive to the blue colour and hence we see sky blue and not violet.


well maybe it is connected with your previous spider bite and that changed the chemitry of you
or maybe it is connected to your alter ego space ship energy
or maybe you see color differently
like i said.. grain of salt ideas
hopeing the doc has an answer

(https://media3.giphy.com/media/jPAdK8Nfzzwt2/200.webp#19-grid1)

Quote from: space otter on April 22, 2017, 04:25:49 AM
well maybe it is connected with your previous spider bite and that changed the chemitry of you
or maybe it is connected to your alter ego space ship energy
or maybe you see color differently

Or there was some reagent in the test tube that changed the colour of the blood. :)

According to the test they are going to make they can have clean tubes, tubes with some reagent at the bottom or tubes with the inside wall covered with a reagent.

Otter, I've been working in the medical field for more than 20 years, plus I was investigated by the FBI and the Secret Service to work in the cafeteria at Rocky Flats.  I can safely say that bits and pieces of me have been on file for many years.  At least since 1975.

Shasta

Quote from: the seeker on April 22, 2017, 01:09:25 AM
Hmmm, when they checked my blood oxygen level about five minutes before then it was at 100%...

And I wasn't bleeding purple; that was the color as it went into the tube, was very dark purple; the blood that seeped out after she removed the needle was very bright red...

I am planning on asking the doc about it and see what he has to say

Seeker

You might have been a little dehydrated.  Thicker blood is darker, and dehydration thickens your blood.

Shasta

Quote from: Shasta56 on April 24, 2017, 02:20:41 AM
You might have been a little dehydrated.  Thicker blood is darker, and dehydration thickens your blood.

Shasta

Considering I hadn't have anything to eat or drink for at least 10 hours previous, I would be amazed if I wasn't dehydrated  8)

Seeker

graphs at link
http://www.foxnews.com/health/2017/04/26/blood-tests-track-lung-cancer-gene-changes-aiding-treatment.html



HEALTH
Blood test offers hope for better lung cancer treatment

By MARILYNN MARCHIONE  Published April 26, 2017  Associated Press

BOSTON –  Researchers have taken an important step toward better lung cancer treatment by using blood tests to track genetic changes in tumors as they progress from their very earliest stages.

With experimental tests that detect bits of DNA that tumors shed into the blood, they were able to detect some recurrences of cancer up to a year before imaging scans could, giving a chance to try new therapy sooner.

It's the latest development for tests called liquid biopsies, which analyze cancer using blood rather than tissue samples. Some doctors use these tests now to guide care for patients with advanced cancers, mostly in research settings. The new work is the first time tests like this have been used to monitor the evolution of lung tumors at an early stage, when there's a much better chance of cure.

Only about one third of lung cancer cases in the United States are found at an early stage, and even fewer in other parts of the world. But more may be in the future as a result of screening of longtime smokers at high risk of the disease that started a few years ago in the U.S.

Early-stage cases are usually treated with surgery. Many patients get chemotherapy after that, but it helps relatively few of them.

"We have to treat 20 patients to cure one. That's a lot of side effects to cure one patient," said Dr. Charles Swanton of the Francis Crick Institute in London.

The new studies he led suggest that liquid biopsies might help show who would or would not benefit from chemotherapy, and give an early warning if it's not working so something else can be tried.

Cancer Research UK, a charity based in England, paid for the work, and results were published online Wednesday by Nature and the New England Journal of Medicine .

To be clear: This kind of care is not available yet — the tests used in these studies are experimental and were customized in a lab to analyze the genes in each patient's cancer. But the technology is advancing rapidly.

The company that generated the tests for the study in Nature — California-based Natera Inc. — plans to offer the tests for research by universities and drug companies later this year and hopes to have a version for routine use in cancer care next year.

"This is coming, and it's coming fast," said Dr. David Gandara, a lung specialist at the University of California, Davis, who had no role in the studies but consults for two companies developing liquid biopsies. A test that could spare many people unnecessary treatment "would be huge," he said.

In the studies, researchers analyzed tumors from about 100 people with non-small cell lung cancer, the most common form of the disease. Even in these early-stage cases, they found big variations in the number of gene flaws, and were able to trace how the tumors' genes changed over time.

People with many gene or chromosome problems were four to five times more likely to have their cancer return, or to die from their disease within roughly two years.

They also looked at 14 patients whose cancers recurred after surgery, and compared them to 10 others whose did not. Blood tests after surgery accurately identified more than 90 percent of them that were destined to relapse, up to a year before imaging tests showed that had occurred.

The results suggest that using liquid biopsy tests to help select and adjust treatments is "now feasible," at least from a scientific standpoint, the authors write.

A big issue is cost, though. Liquid biopsies sold now in the U.S. cost nearly $6,000. Tests that more narrowly track a patient's particular tumor gene changes, like the one in these studies, may cost less. They may save money in the long run, by preventing futile treatment, but this has yet to be shown.

___

Liquid biopsy video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPKqtPcPvd4

Lung cancer treatment info: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-small-cell-lung-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

___

Marilynn Marchione can be followed at http://twitter.com/MMarchioneAP

Commercialized vampirism?  :P

A startup is buying teenagers' blood and selling it to the rich so they can live forever

QuoteGrowing old: It's for the poors. Feasting on the vitality of the young in a scientifically questionable effort to live forever? 
That, friends, is for the tech elite. 
And if that just so happens to mean draining teenagers of their blood for rich old people, so be it. This is a brave-new world, and (the definitely-not-run-by-vampires) Ambrosia LLC is here to help the privileged, paying few conquer it one blood bag at a time

http://mashable.com/2017/06/01/parabiosis-blood-transfusions-startup-silicon-valley.amp (http://mashable.com/2017/06/01/parabiosis-blood-transfusions-startup-silicon-valley.amp)

https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/ (https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/)

Young Donor Plasma Transfusion and Age-Related Biomarkers

QuotePurpose
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the beneficial effects of infusions of plasma from young donors using blood biomarkers.

QuoteDetailed Description:
Each patient will receive an infusion of plasma derived from a young donor (16-25 years of age). A panel of age-associated biomarkers will be measured before and after treatment.
We have drawn biomarkers from clinical measures of aging and physiology, biomarkers of disease advancement, as well as biomarkers of aging from animal and human studies. These will represent a spectrum of physiologic pathways with evidence-based connections to aging. They include the physiologic processes of inflammation, neurogenesis, stem cell proliferation, blood clotting, immune function, and amyloid plaques. Organ function which will be specifically measured includes the liver, bone marrow, kidneys, pancreas, muscles, cardiovasculature, cerebrovasculature, and the thyroid. Specific disease states connected to these biomarkers include anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, elevated risk of cancer, atherosclerosis, dementia, and cataracts.
Visit us at www.ambrosiatrial.com
  Eligibility


Ages Eligible for Study:  
35 Years and older   (Adult, Senior)
Sexes Eligible for Study:  
All
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:  
Yes

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554)

Truly, money promotes psychopaths - who would live forever on the backs of Others They let die.  Sad Few here grasp the imperative to eliminate the systems that promote Them.

ok Someone must be a-movin stuff around here cause when i looked for this thread earlier to add something it was on page 6 now it's on page 5..hummmmm?? gremlins ? ;)

anywho

i swiped this link from  Astro here:
Re: Alien Abduction Motivations
« Reply #67 on: Today at 01:12:36 AM »

it continues what  Ellirium113 has posted


http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4851074/Silicon-Valley-executives-getting-6-000-BLOOD-transfusion.html

and then went on a search for the term: Parabiosis
which is about transfusion  old  mice with younger mices' blood
now being a method used in men in silicon valley

this is obviously not new

First described by Paul Bert in 1864(1), the parabiosis surgery was refined by Bunster and Meyer in 1933 to improve animal survival(2). In the current protocol, two mice are surgically joined following a modification of the Bunster and Meyer technique.Oct 6, 2013
Parabiosis in mice: a detailed protocol. - NCBI
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24145664


and just as obviously flawed..imo, of course

Young blood transfusions are probably not the best way to reverse ...

Nov 22, 2016 - This technique has worked in mice, but in many of these experiments, the old mice weren't just getting blood. They were actually attached ...
https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/22/13699108/blood-transfer-parabiosis-aging-youth-study-peter-thiel

some further reading for anyone interested
boy am i behind in MY reading..sigh

but this makes me think of the old arguments of blood transfusions and one race not wanting to get blood from another race

and of heart transplants where the recipient had changes to make them similar to the donor

Parabiosis: Treating the aged with young blood - LIFEmag
Sep 24, 2015 - As a technique, parabiosis has been around since at least the 1600s. Methods of conjoining have much improved since those times, but the ...
http://lifemag.org/article/parabiosis-treating-the-aged-with-young-blood

Contribution made by parabiosis to the understanding of energy ...
by RBS Harris - ‎2013 - ‎Cited by 4 - ‎Related articles
In this experiment the parabiosis technique of Bunster and Mayer [21] was gradually refined such that the peritoneal cavity was not opened, but the union was ...
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925443913000665


Ageing research: Blood to blood : Nature News & Comment
Jan 21, 2015 - Parabiosis is a 150-year-old surgical technique that unites the vasculature of two living animals. (The word comes from the Greek para, ...
https://www.nature.com/news/ageing-research-blood-to-blood-1.16762

and of course we can't forget the guy most luv to hate
you have to wonder if the hearts rejected his body when they found out where they were  ::)

David underwent about six heart transplants. His first heart transplant was in 1976 after suffering a heart attack following a car accident. He was 99-years-old at the time of his sixth heart transplant.

David Rockefeller died at 101 years old.

http://thesource.com/2017/03/20/david-rockefeller-dies-at-age-101/

Lance Armstrong used this kind of transfusion many times to help him win races.

Scumbag cheater.

Quote from: Irene on September 15, 2017, 07:31:48 PM
Lance Armstrong used this kind of transfusion many times to help him win races.

Scumbag cheater.

What he did was different though.  His team used their own blood for the transfusions.  IE Lance received Lance's Blood etc. I don't condone what he did at all.  But from what I read we are seeing people referenced to receiving Six Heart Transplants and many other things!

Quote from: Somamech on September 15, 2017, 08:27:09 PM
What he did was different though.  His team used their own blood for the transfusions.  IE Lance received Lance's Blood etc. I don't condone what he did at all.  But from what I read we are seeing people referenced to receiving Six Heart Transplants and many other things!

First thing that comes to mind, surprise surprise, is Dick Cheney.

If you read the articles, the mice were cojoined; the older mice also received all the hormones and glandular secretions of the younger, healthier mouse

8)

People also ask
What is homologous blood doping?
Illicit blood transfusions are used by athletes to boost performance. There are two types. Autologous transfusion. This involves a transfusion of the athlete's ownblood, which is drawn and then stored for future use.Jan 19, 2017
Blood Doping: Types, Risks, and Tests - WebMD
www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/blood-doping


What is blood doping in sports?
Blood doping refers to prohibited techniques that enhance an athlete's performance. ... And that's where blood doping comes in, particularly in endurance sports. Blood doping refers to a handful of techniques used to increase an individual's oxygen-carrying red blood cells, and in turn, improve athletic performance.Jan 3, 2013
What is Blood Doping? - Live Science
https://www.livescience.com/32388-what-is-blood-doping.htm

Personally, I don't understand the kind of vanity that drives this movement.

Who the hell wants to live forever in this POS meatbag? Why would you abuse your body with plastic surgery to ward off the ravages of aging?

You're not fooling anyone. Now, not only are you old, you're twice as ugly and fake to boot.

Leslie Stahl makes my skin crawl. I already hate her lefty guts, but she's hideous to look at too. Michael Jackson? A very depressed man. Wildenstein? OMFGWTFIT?!

Kill it with fire!

Now we've got bloodsuckers trying to cheat aging and death.

Where does the absurdity end?

interesting..not sure about this guy but some of this info is correct



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls_ZtM1Itzs

interesting reading

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/blood

Blood / Hematology News
The latest blood and hematology research from prestigious universities and journals throughout the world.

interesting that just this one guy had this
rare blood type in the 61 years he's been giving blood..




James Harrison, known as the "Man with the Golden Arm," is retiring after giving blood every week for the last 60 years.



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBHIrh69NnQ


https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/peopleandplaces/this-mans-blood-saved-over-2-million-babies/vi-AAxr853

The root of violence? Mice become MEAN when they are injected with an antibody taken from the blood of human murderers, rapists and gang members

QuoteThe puzzle of why some people turn to extreme violence may be a step closer to being solved, following the findings of a new study.
Norwegian scientists injected mice with an antibody sourced from the blood of murderers, rapists and gang members.
After being injected, they found that these rodents resorted to violent confrontations with their fellow creatures far more quickly than normal.
This suggests variations in the antibody found between people may be a factor in how aggressively they respond to stress.
The finding could one day lead to a treatment for violent criminals, although researchers warn this is still some way off.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5886401/Mice-MEAN-injected-chemical-taken-blood-violent-criminals.html (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5886401/Mice-MEAN-injected-chemical-taken-blood-violent-criminals.html)


When they injected a mouse with the blood of a banker it hoarded all the food and made accounts for the other mice to charge them interest.  :P

Sounds like something out a Mary Shelley story.

 8) ;D

read the article and Ellirium113 your banker comment cracks me up even more now

thanks for the laugh




edit
removed emoji..didn't mean to embarrass you sorry

article is a good example of what is being done with blood experiments

this article has tons of embedded links so go back  to it if you want to check anything out

https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/9-secrets-your-blood-type-reveals-about-you/ss-BBKSqbb?li=BBnb7Kz
Jessica Migala     59 minutes ago

QuoteYour blood type matters
Unless you've recently given blood, you may not think much about your blood type. The presence or absence of certain molecules called A or B antigens, as well as a protein called the Rh factor, determine which of the eight common blood types you have coursing through your veins. (Groups: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ or O-.) However, these antigens make a difference beyond just your blood, influencing other body systems like your blood vessels, nerve cells, and blood platelets—which is why your blood type may impact your risk of certain diseases. Here's why you should know what blood type you have.

Type A, B, AB: Heart disease
Non-O blood types have 25 to 30 percent higher levels of blood clotting proteins known as von Willebrand factor and factor VIII. In part, because of that difference, these folks also have a 15 percent greater risk of dying from heart disease, reports 2015 research from BMC Medicine. Learn about the 9 things you need to know about heart attacks.

Type O: Lower risk of blood clots
Considering that type Os have lower quantities of the proteins that help blood coagulate, they're also less likely to suffer from blood clots. (The downside is that blood clotting helps prevent excessive bleeding.) That said, there are many things that cause blood clots. 'It shouldn't be assumed that being an O blood type means an individual is 'protected' or an A blood type is at higher risk,' says American Society of Hematology Councillor Terry B. Gernsheimer, MD. Here are the blood clot symptoms you should definitely not ignore.

Type O: Fertility problems
O may be the most common blood type, but it can interfere with pregnancy. As research from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine notes, O's were twice as likely to have levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)—levels that were high enough to indicate low ovarian reserve.

Non-O type: An increased risk of gastric cancer
Another interesting finding from the BMC Medicine study: Non-O blood types (A, B, or AB) also had an increased risk of gastric cancers, possibly due to an inflammatory response to H. pylori bacteria, the researchers write. (The bacteria is a cause of gastric ulcers.) Here's how to know if your pain is from an ulcer.

Non-O type: Deep vein thrombosis
Because of differences in clotting, A/B blood types are 31 percent more likely to suffer from venous thromboembolism—a clot that forms in the deep veins of the leg, groin, or arm—compared to the O type, according to research from the University of Minnesota. Learn how to prevent deep vein thrombosis while on an airplane.

Type AB: Memory loss
Though AB is the least common blood type, research suggests that people with AB are 82 percent more likely to develop cognitive issues in the future. It may be because this blood type comes along with higher levels of factor VIII, the study authors say.

Type A or B: Diabetes
People with A or B blood type have up to 21 percent greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes, per Diabetologia. (B positive had the highest odds.) While researchers note that it's not exactly known why, one thought is that it may be that blood type influences the GI microbiome, which can affect glucose metabolism and inflammation.

It can't tell you about your perfect diet
You may have heard people talk about a trendy diet: that eating and avoiding certain foods based on your blood type can boost your health and lower your risk of disease. However, a 2013 review in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded that there's no evidence that proves these types of diets actually work. Another study found that although following the diet may work, it has nothing to do with someone's specific blood type. Find out more aboutblood type diets.

It probably won't tell you about your personality
There's a theory that your blood type can explain why you act the way you do. While that largely hasn't been proven, one Japanese study found that some traits differed between blood groups. People with type A, for instance, scored higher on persistence compared to type B or O. Even the researchers note that there's not enough data to prove the connection, however. Until we know more, looks like your blood type can't be the scapegoat for your behavior.

What to know about blood type research
Keep in mind that the research linking blood type and health conditions looks at population studies, so it can only find an association—not that your blood type is the cause. 'The risk for any one person is multifactorial,' notes Dr. Gernsheimer. That means your daily habits—what you eat, your activity level, how you handle stress, your family history—make a huge difference in your individual risk.

You don't have to overhaul your life because of your blood type
Your blood type certainly doesn't seal your fate when it comes to your health. 'It's important to understand that blood groups also vary in different ethnicities and within ethnic groups depending on where they settled during migrations. These differences in cultures may lead to differences in diet and lifestyle that further affect risk,' says Dr. Gernsheimer.Even though there are many ways your blood type can influence your health, 'there isn't good evidence that one's lifestyle should be altered because of it,' says Dr. Gernsheimer. And it's not up to you to have this info should you need a blood transfusion, she says. Healthcare personnel wouldn't rely on your word for it—they'd check it in advance. All that to say: don't get down if you're not in the know. Next, learn obscure facts about your own body you never knew.

 

https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/scientists-turning-type-a-blood-into-universal-type-o/ar-BBMfyx5

Scientists Turning Type A Blood Into Universal Type O
Abbey Interrante  4 hrs ago

QuoteBacteria found in the human gut could help save lives by transforming Type A blood into Type O blood.

At a meeting of the American Chemical Society on Tuesday, Steve Withers of the University of British Colombia presented his new research. Newly discovered bacterial enzymes that were kodged in the human gut could provide a groundbreaking option for treatment, New Scientist reported.

There are four blood types: A, B, AB and O. Even though the red blood cells in each type are similar, they have different sugars, or antigens, on the surface of the cells, according to the American Red Cross. Type A blood cells have A antigens, while Type B blood cells have B antigens. Type AB has both A and B antigens, but O has no antigens at all, which makes O compatible with the other main blood types because it's not bringing in any antigens that the new blood won't recognize.

There's also a protein called the RH factor, which when present makes someone's blood type positive, and when not present can make it negative. Blood that is negative can be given to people who have either negative or positive blood, which is why Type O negative blood is the universal donor.

"We knew that those same sugars that are on our red blood cells are also produced on the lining of the gut wall," Withers told New Scientist. His team began searching for enzymes in human feces that had the ability to strip a cell of its sugars because those enzymes likely fed on sugars when they were in the gut.

The scientists learned that the enzymes extract sugars from proteins on the gut wall, called mucins. The sugars in mucins are very similar to the antigens on red blood cells. When the team added the enzymes to Type A negative blood, it ate the antigens, and the blood turned into Type O negative.

"This technique could broaden the utility of the current blood supply because O type blood can be donated to anybody," Steve Withers told New Scientist. This new method could mean that people in areas with low resources, such as rural areas or places facing war, could transform available blood into the blood that anyone could use.

Similar processes are currently used to change blood, but this new method is 30 times faster. The team still needs to test the enzymes further to make sure there are no unintended consequences before using this technique in clinical settings.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2177432-bacteria-can-be-used-to-turn-type-a-blood-into-universal-type-o/
HomeNewsHealthHumans
DAILY NEWS  21 August 2018
Bacteria can be used to turn type A blood into universal type O

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180716103544.htm

Researchers crack the code of the final blood group system
Date:
July 16, 2018
Source:
Lund University

QuoteSummary:
Ever since the blood type was discovered in 1962, no one has been able to explain why some people become Xga positive while others are Xga negative. But now, researchers have finally solved the mystery.

FULL STORY
Ever since the blood type was discovered in 1962, no one has been able to explain why some people become Xga positive while others are Xga negative. But now, researchers at Lund University in Sweden have finally solved the mystery, and their study is being published in the scientific journal Blood.

In case of a blood transfusion, it is important to know the blood type of both the donor and the patient. The reason is that you want them to match in order to reduce the risk of side effects. The well-known blood group systems ABO and Rh are prioritised as they are clinically the most important. However, other blood types can also cause problems.

Over the past ten years, researchers have developed methods to determine many of our blood types using DNA technology rather than by red blood cells. Modern technology is particularly important for patients who have received large amounts of blood or those who need blood often, as their blood becomes a mixture consisting of several different donors. This makes it difficult to determine the patient's own blood type.

However, for the DNA tests to work, the genetic cause of each blood type system must be known. This is the case for the majority of our 36 systems, including ABO and Rh.

In practice, it's actually only one system -- the Xg system -- that has continued to elude physicians and researchers over the years. A third of all men and a tenth of all women lack the Xg protein that carries the mysterious blood type Xga on their red blood cells, i.e. they are Xga negative. Furthermore, the protein's function is still unknown. The Xga blood type was discovered in New York back in 1962, but it wasn't until now that researchers in Lund managed to figure out why a large part of the population lacks Xga.

"We enjoy solving old mysteries where others have failed, so we combined computer-based analyses with laboratory experiments," explains Martin L Olsson, professor at Lund University and medical consultant at the Nordic Reference Laboratory for Blood Group Analysis, who conducted the study.

Although this blood type was the first to be linked to a specific chromosome in humans (sex chromosome X), Xg is the last blood type system to surrender its secret and thus be included in modern genetic testing.

"We used a bioinformatic strategy to find the underlying genetic cause," says doctoral student Mattias Möller, who used to work in the tech industry before making a switch to become a physician and blood researcher.

"I sat down at my computer and analysed and compared results from previous major studies, partly using my own tools, to solve the problem. Then my colleagues took over to confirm my findings through experiments in a lab environment," says Mattias Möller.

The lab experiments showed that a small variation close to the XG gene prevents the transcription factor GATA1 from binding to the DNA, which is why the Xg protein cannot be expressed in the red blood cells in some people. The finding makes it possible finally to determine also the Xga blood type using genetic typing/methods.

"Now we are in the process of introducing it in the clinic and aim to find out what this exciting protein does and the consequences of the fact that so many of us don't have it," concludes Martin L Olsson.

Story Source:

Materials provided by Lund University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

Mattias Möller, Yan Quan Lee, Karina Vidovic, Sven Kjellström, Linda Björkman, Jill R. Storry, Martin L. Olsson. Disruption of a GATA1-binding motif upstream ofXG/PBDXabolishes Xgaexpression and resolves the Xg blood group system. Blood, 2018; blood-2018-03-842542 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-842542
Cite This Page:
MLA
APA
Chicago
Lund University. "Researchers crack the code of the final blood group system." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 July 2018. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180716103544.htm>.


......................
other info on  this blood type


https://sites.ualberta.ca/~pletendr/tm-modules/genetics/70gen-xga.html
Xga Blood Group System

QuoteInheritance
The Xga (or Xg) system is one of the few BGS whose genes are sex-linked. Because the system has little significance other than its mode of inheritance, it is included in this chapter. As the name implies, the gene locus is on the X chromosome. Inheritance is controlled by two alleles (Xga and Xg) with Xga being dominant and Xg being recessive (or an amorph).

Because the system is sex-linked, the frequency of the Xg(a+) phenotype varies in males and females. The female frequency is 88% and the male frequency is 66%.

Males can be positive (XgaY) or negative (XgY). If positive, they are said to be hemizygous.

Females, if positive, can be homozygous (XgaXga) or heterozygous (XgaXg). XgXg females are Xg(a-).

Examples of Inheritance

..................

https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/209629

The X-linked Blood Group System Xg
Work in Progress

Race R.R. · Sanger R.

................................

Transfusion Medicine - Google Books Result
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1119236525
Jeffrey McCullough - 2016 - ‎Medical
The Xga gene is carried on the X chromosome, and about 65% of males and 89% of females are Xga positive. The antithetical antigen has not been found.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1RZ8FZrNiA

Hi all,

This is a cool thread but there are a LOT of misconceptions herein.

For one thing just to give you something to chew on:

AB negative, though statistically low in the US .06% in not the rarest blood type (in practice, but yeah by the numbers which is not the whole story) nor is it ANY problem finding blood for this type.

AB red cells are known as the "Universal RECIPIENT of blood cells" and the "Universal donor of Plasma. Why? Type AB can get A, B, O or AB cells (packed cells).

AB can donate their plasma to A, B, O, AB positive or negative.

O cells are known as the Universal Donor of cells (usually we only give credit to Rh if it's a female at childbearing age in an emergency), and you could give them any type of plasma but we don't because we usually have an over abundance of O plasma.

So if your spouse is AB negative do not despair, they can get any type of packed cells, especially if they are male (in an emergency like a unknown trauma patient) we would give them O positive packed cells and AB plasma. That way no matter what type they are that would be OK.

If the emergency is a female within childbearing age we always err on the side of caution and give the O negative packed cell and as needed AB plasma until we get a sample and find out their type. If they turn out to be, say O positive, we switch them to O pos packed cells and O plasma, no problem.

We try to get a sample before they give them any blood, sometimes just moments before so we can find a type undiluted by emergency blood transfusion

Actually in practice the rarest type of blood on the SHELF is B negative. We usually have an excess of AB positive packed cells and AB negative packed cells and since people are rarely that type we often rotate those back to the Red Cross or blood supplier.

B negative we usually only had a few of those so if someone came in as an emergency say gunshot wound we would flip the to O pos packed cells (male) or O negative depending on need or supply and as they finish up we would try to give the last 8 units as their type or O negative packed cells because in most people the blood is going through them too quickly to mount an antigen response to the D-antigen.

HTH.

Also, on the very odd Rh null phenotype, if someone came in who had never been pregnant or transfused we would give them Rh (c-e-) because the phenotype is (dce/dce) (Rh negative), and the little c antigen is the most antigenic and then the little e is probably next. Big C and Big E are not terribly antigenic means that even though the immune system sees them, it won't react very strongly.

But once the Rh null is pregnant or transfused, then they are at risk fore producing a host of Rh antibodies and they should be storing their own blood as frozen washed packed cells in the -80 freezer (lasts 10 years).

The reason we say 'pregnant' is that the baby depending on the father's genotype will produce an antigenic response in the mother if there is any feto-maternal bleed (kind of uncommon but still a risk). So if you are a pregnant female and you find you have Rh null, you should donate about 4-6 unit in case you have what we call a placenta prevue (massive rupture of the placenta) also rare.

HTH

Hi Maverick7!  :)

Do you know why we have some many blood groups please?.. and why do we need to type match them during emergency and other transfusions ?  what would happen if the recipient did receive the wrong blood type ? (death / some kind of physiological shock I guess ? IE a bad day for them) and do you know what the blood types are for other mammals Dolphins , Whales etc ?? (I am genuinely interested)

Cheers!

Fansongecho  :)

sure, here's a breakdown

1. The major blood groups for transfusion of 'homologous' blood are the ABO and the Rh system. Homologous means blood donated by others. Autologous means blood you bank yourself,

2 The major antigenic reactions which CAN cause kidney failure, intravascular hemolysis and complement cascade (all bad) will only be affect by these and if you've never been transfuse or pregnant (IOW your blood mixed with blood not your own, either a fetus or a transfusion) then the really only worrisome highly antigenic group is the ABO system.

3. The Rh system can also be bad in the case of a woman who has anti-D in her blood stream (her being Rh negative for the major D antigen), if there's passage over the feto-maternal can cause 'Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn'. There can also be problems if there is some other antigenic mismatch but let's just talk about HDN.

They realized that if they give the Mother an injection of weakened anti-D called RhOgam, or Rh-immune globulin, it can mitigate the tendency of the mother to mount an antigenic response to her baby (first pregnancy) and then she won't form a potent anti-D which might cause HDN to the second baby if it is also Rh positive.

The major guideline to all of this is a simple rule. You will/can form an antibody to any antigen you lack. The 'antigens' are on the blood cell (the RBC or red blood cell or erythrocyte) the antibodies are in the plasma, or that straw-colored stuff that occurs when blood is centrifuged.

The 'naturally occurring' antigens are really only the ABO blood group system. An A person has anti-B in their plasma/bloodstream. A B person has 'anti-A' in their blood stream. An AB person (having both antigens) has no ABO antibodies in their bloodstream and an O person has both anti-A and anti-B in their bloodstream.

Of those naturally occurring antibodies, anti-A can be the most problematic because a person can have such a potent A antibody that it is called 'Hemolytic anti-A' and it can cause very bad things if you give, say A blood to an O person if the O person has hemolytic anti-A in their own blood. A single millimeter of A blood going into an O person with that can activate 'complement' and you can have a massive cascade of your body over reacting to that, all of your blood start hemolyzing and you end up with kidney failure partly due to having all of those membranes blocking the but in general it's called an amnestic response. BUT, we did have one person who got a whole unit of A blood and being an O person we though 'wow' but nothing at all happened. They cleared that blood and the went on as normal. But I would NOT want challenge them again because like a person who gets a bee sting it's the second challenge that is bad

Now why do we have so many blood groups. Well it's not really a purpose, but that people discover these antigens by finding an antibody response to them and when the run the antibody against a panel of known laboratory cells (which come in little bottles), the find a pattern which turns out to be one of the discovered antigens

Some of the antigens are actually soluble in the blood, some have a role in membrane integrity and so on and so forth.

But here's the kicker. When those become important is when you do an analysis called a blood phenotype, usually used in cases of paternity testing or some kind of tissue transplantation, you look for and test for the person's entire Genotype which might looks something like this:

A/O, (Dce/DCE), M+N+, Kell negative, KpA neg, KpB pos, Duffy A pos, Duffy B neg, and on and on. We don't have to phenotype every single antigen but we do look for the major ones which have an 'antigenicity' or the ability to cause a reaction (in the case of a tissue transplant) and we want to find a donor who is a phenotypically identical as possible so there is no unnecessary challenge to the tissue.

As to paternity testing we look for antigens that can and can't occur in an offspring when the 'putative father' is tested knowing the mother's phenotype. An O/O mother and a putative (or prospective) Father who is also O/O can not have a A baby. So we say that 'father' is ruled out.

I know that's a lot of science but it's pretty basic and don't worry MANY if not MOST doctors do not understand immunohematology.

HTH.

OK, I missed the other part of your question. Yes we know the blood types of dogs, horses, probably other mammals and they are often very different.

I don't recall off the top of my head but some mammals like dogs generally can get blood from any other dog, I think. You could easily google that searching on 'canine blood types' or 'equine blood groups' (equine=horse).

In horses there are 8 major blood groups: A, C, D, K, P, Q, U, and T. Of these, A, C, and Q seem to be the most likely to stimulate an antibody response when given to a horse that is negative for them.

Dogs have more than 12 blood groups, and their red blood cells may contain any combination of these since each blood group is inherited independently. The most important of these is called Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) 1.1. Typing of blood donors and recipients is done before transfusion.

Dogs that are DEA 1.1 positive (33 to 45% of the population) are universal recipients - that is, they can receive blood of any type without expectation of a life-threatening hemolytic transfusion reaction. Dogs that are DEA 1.1 negative are universal donors.

So a vet who is doing dog surgery would keep a supply of DEA 1.1 negative blood (usually in the form of frozen or packed cells which use a device to safety thaw them, I would guess), and then they could handle any blood loss. But usually they would not need to give a dog 'red blood cells'. Instead they would give them plasma or to keep the from having a problem with the volume (a heart is a pump and must have a base pressure to work well).

They could also give a tissue expander, artificial plasma or something but I'd guess not being a Vet they try to minimize blood loss during surgery which is usually minor stuff. I mean you don't try to do a heart transplant in a dog, except as a research project to study surgical techniques and stuff using 'animals'.

Uh, I'll go look up whale and dolphins...

There is an abstract about blood grouping of Killer Whales and the main take away is that blood grouping data is 'scarce'. You can understand this because it is hard to do a population study and gather information of an elusive animal like a whale or a dolphin or a porpoise (marine mammals) because it's hard to collect blood on enough of them to get a cross-section that is meaningful.

They DO have antigens, the do differ, some groups show the same pattern and others show a different one. The only reason you would do this is if you need to do surgery on a Killer whale, a valuable asset to something like a Sea Park, I suppose.

But I'll put the link in anyway in case it helps:

https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=7312353&pid=14818&

  dear Maverick7

please let us know where this info comes from...

are you reading and sharing this from somewhere
or
is it personal knowledge from something you are doing
and if it is something you work with what is your background ?

personal knowledge shared is very much appreciated

thanks

http://www.bloodjournal.org/?sso-checked=true


Blood Journal

Leading the way in experimental and clinical research in hematology

Quotehttps://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/blue-blood-worth-dollar60000-a-gallon/ar-AADll0Q?li=BBnb7Kz

Bloomberg
Blue blood worth $60,000 a gallon
Leila Hussain  6 days ago

The horseshoe crab is effectively a living fossil—it's been on Earth for 450 million years. But in just a few decades, humans have presented what is arguably the biggest threat yet to their continued existence.
In the 1960s, scientists discovered that horseshoe crab blood could be used to detect even the smallest amounts of harmful bacteria. Since then, the pharmaceutical industry has been using it to make sure our injections, vaccines and surgical implants are all free from contamination.

And so, every year along the U.S. East Coast, 500,000 crabs are collected, cleaned, measured and then drained of as much as one-third of their copper-based, baby-blue blood. Collections also take place across the eastern shores of Mexico and China. Demand for the blood is high—it's been called blue gold and is reportedly worth up to $60,000 a gallon.

The horseshoe crabs are released back into the ocean soon after the bleeding, but it's estimated that 15% die as a result of the process. Combined with the use of horseshoe crabs for bait, habitat loss and sea level rise attributable to the climate crisis, some estimate that the crab population has fallen by 80% in 40 years.

But there's already a way to slow their demise—at least when it comes to our Dracula-like tendencies. Almost two decades ago, a professor at the National University of Singapore created a synthetic solution that may be more effective than horseshoe crab blood at making sure our medical supplies are safe to use. It's potentially cheaper, too.

For decades, however, the pharmaceutical industry preferred to keep bleeding the horseshoe crabs.

Related video: What makes Horseshoe crabs interesting? (provided by WUSA-TV Washington)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlICro48uV8




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdWl1MIqfKA